ResumoA Educação a Distância é um importante movimento no contexto educacional que ganhou espaço recentemente devido ao impulso que recebeu com o desenvolvimento das ferramentas de informática e de comunicações. É nesse contexto que o presente trabalho se insere, abundância de recursos tecnológicos, rapidez nas comunicações, maior interatividade via internet e exigência de capacitação por parte do mercado de trabalho. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: evidenciar a posição dos acadêmicos do ensino presencial sobre a metodologia de educação à distância; avaliar os pontos fortes e fracos da metodologia na opinião dos acadêmi-cos; avaliar a percepção dos acadêmicos, em relação às vantagens e desvantagens da metodologia, de educação a distância em relação ao ensino presencial. Foi realizada uma pesquisa com questionários semiestruturados com um grupo de 30 acadêmicos de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior. Com relação aos resultados obtidos, merece atenção a forma com que os acadêmicos receberam e se inseriram na dinâmica do ensino on line. A maioria dos alunos mostrou-se satisfeita com os resultados alcançados e com as possibilidades que a plataforma de ensino a distân-cia permite para a complementação do aprendizado.Verificou-se que os acadêmicos reconhecem a importância da Educação a Distância, mas preferem ainda o modelo tradicional do ensino presencial. Vale ressaltar que o trabalho trata de um estudo exploratório, onde foram levantadas questões sobre o assunto, as quais deverão ser mais bem exploradas e discutidas em outros

Nematodes stand out among the main soya bean yield limiting factors due to limitations in the main control methods, mainly when they are applied alone. Given the need of finding new control techniques, the aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of products based on biological control agents and on nutrients or products showing potential to induce resistance for Pratylenchus brachyurus and Meloidogyne javanica control in soya bean plants. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse; nine treatments with six repetitions for each nematode were assessed in two distinct periods. Overall, all treatments have shown potential to control the nematodes in at least one experiment, mainly the ones containing biological control agents (Trichoderma and Bacillus). The vegetative development results were inconclusive; however, some products have shown potential to improve the growth of infected plants.

Trichoderma spp. is a fungus with nematode control potential; however, its potential to control the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus remains poorly studied.Thus, the aim of this study was to select Trichoderma spp. isolates and assess their ability to control P. brachyurus in soybean crops. Different experiments were conducted aiming at selecting isolates, assessing whether they were able to reduce nematode penetration in plants or cause mortality in vitro, and whether they were able to induce resistance in soybean, as well as at studying the possibility of using the selected isolates associated with resistance inducers (acibenzolar-S-methyl, Ecolife™ and AgroMos™). The selection experiment found three isolates showing satisfactory results, namely GF422, GF425 and GF427; the GF362 isolate was assessed in the subsequent experiments. These four isolates reduced P. brachyurus penetration in soybean roots and promoted nematode mortality in vitro. Increased total protein and catalase activity were recorded, mainly in the 72-hr assessments. Overall, the protein production was different between isolates. The best results were found in the combination between the GF362 isolate and the three resistance inducers, between GF427 and Ecolife™, between GF427 and AgroMos™ and between GF422 and Ecolife™. K E Y W O R D Sbiological control, Glycine max, nematophagous fungi, resistance induction, root lesion nematode

The use of antagonist plants is one of the most effective methods in the management of root–knot nematodes, and several plants recommended for this purpose are nitrogen‐fixing plants that act as green manure because of the amount of mass produced. The mode of action of some species has already been investigated, but this has yet to be elucidated for many plants researched as antagonists. Thus, this study aimed to assess the penetration and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on the root system of three species of crotalaria, as well as Mucuna deeringiana, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Macrotyloma axillare and Stylosanthes capitata, with soya bean used as control treatment. Thus, plants inoculated with the nematode were assessed 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after inoculation (DAI), for nematode penetration and development. After 60 days of inoculation, the nematode reproduction factor (RF) was assessed. The plants did not prevent M. javanica penetration, which differed at varying degrees, according to the time of assessment and the plant species investigated. However, the nematode reproduction was impaired in all the leguminous crops assessed, with (RF)<1 in all the plants, while in soya bean the RF values were 2.85 and 2.56, in the respective experiments.

RESUMO - PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH FRUIT CROPS IN THE NORTHWEST OF PARANÁ, BRAZILABSTRACT -A survey was carried out in order to study the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes in fruit crops in the Northwest of Paraná, from December 2007 to February 2009. A hundred and twenty four soil and roots samples were collected from 19 species of fruit crops in 15 different municipalities. Nematodes were extracted from the samples and identified under an optical microscope. Nine genera of plant parasitic nematodes were found. In citrus, the most abundant species was Tylenchulus semipenetrans, but it was also recovered Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Xiphinema, Trichodorus, Mesocriconema and Dolichodorus. In the other fruit crops, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus and Hemicycliophora were recovered. Pratylenchus brachyurus was the most abundant in pineapple crops, Meloidogyne incognita in fig and persimmon, and Helicotylenchus dihystera and H. multicinctus in banana. The main plant parasitic nematode genera were found in approximately 50% of the samples collected, which may represent a possible threat to regional fruit production if not managed adequately.

ABSTRACT. Evaluation of forage grasses to the control of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica (Nematoda).The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of 15 grass species on Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica (Nematoda) populations, in a greenhouse. Grasses were transplanted to clay pots and inoculated with 2,500 eggs of M. incognita or M. javanica. The soybean cv. FT-Cristalina and corn cv. BR-106 were used as controls .The plants were cultivated during 60 days, then the tops were cut off and the soil was revolved. Each pot received a tomato seedling like an indicating plant, which was cultivated during 40 days. After that, the root systems were collected, and galls (1 st trial) or egg masses (2 nd trial) was counted. Panicum maximum and also the species Brachiaria brizantha, B. brizantha cv. MG-4 and B. decumbens were more effective to reduce M. incognita and M. javanica populations. The numbers of the galls in the tomato roots were lower than 57 and 10 respectively, compared to 520 and 2393 found in the soybean-tomato sequence.

The aim of the current study was to assess the activity of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Trichoderma harzianum fungi, either alone or in combination, and the use of a bioactivator to control Pratylenchus brachyurus in soya bean crops. Thus, two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, and two were conducted in naturally infested fields. Both fungi were efficient in controlling the nematode when they were applied alone, whereas the combination of the two did not improve nematode control. However, the addition of a bioactivator (moss) to the combination of fungi (P. lilacinum + T. harzianum + moss) generally promoted better control of the nematode in the greenhouse, with a reduction in the total abundance of the nematode ranging from 57.1% to 73.75%, and under field conditions, with a reduction ranging from 55.5% to 72.0%. The same treatment increased yield in both field experiments, but the treatment with T. harzianum promoted greater gains in productivity, varying from 11.79% to 20.85%.

Summary The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, has been reported in Southeast Asia, China, India, South Africa, USA, Brazil, and other countries. Recent surveys in Southern Brazil showed that M. graminicola was widespread in irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná states, and the presence of a species complex with a predominance of M. graminicola (Est VS1 = G1) and other variants showing similar esterase phenotypes (Est G2 = R2, G3 = R3). Meloidogyne oryzae (Est O1) and M. ottersoni (Est Ot0) were also part of this complex and were recently re-described and detected on rice. The present study provides an integrative taxonomy approach of the typical and atypical populations of M. graminicola on the basis of morphological, morphometric and molecular data. Considering morphological and morphometric features, the two atypical populations (Est G2 and G3) are in close agreement with the description of M. graminicola. Based on the molecular characterisation, populations G1, G2 and G3 were successfully amplified by M. graminicola SCAR markers, although the specificity of these markers was questioned. Phylogenetic relationships complemented and confirmed the other studies. In maximum likelihood analysis of ITS, D2-D3 rRNA and COXII-16S rRNA sequences, all populations of M. graminicola from different esterase phenotypes clustered together with other M. graminicola populations, thus confirming that these enzyme phenotypes (G1, G2 and G3) are related to the same species. A high level of intraspecific variability was detected among all populations, but no correlation between genetic variability and geographic origins occurred.