The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of elicitor, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), in inducing resistance to Meloidogyne javanica in soybean and in enhancing plant development. Plantlets of the soybean susceptible cultivar BRSMT-Pintado and the resistant cultivar MG/BR 46 Conquista were treated with ASM (0.5 g/L) at three different times: seven days before, one day before and seven days after inoculation with 2000 eggs/plant. Untreated inoculated plants and untreated non-inoculated plants were used as controls. Sixty days after inoculation, the number of galls, eggs/g root and vegetative parameters (height, aerial part fresh and dry mass and root fresh mass) were evaluated. The experiments were conducted over two different periods (Experiments 1 and 2). Only in Experiment 2 treatment "seven days before inoculation" reduced the number of eggs/g root, irrespective of the cultivar evaluated, but the number of galls was not affected. Stronger plant development was observed in the susceptible soybean cultivar treated seven days before inoculation in Experiment 2.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris F.) is one of the most important crops in Paraná State, which is responsible for almost 10% of the Brazilian production (4). Root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are common parasites of this crop worldwide, but damage caused by Meloidogyne inornata has not been reported. During a survey of nematode species present on common bean fields in Paraná State, Brazil, galled root samples of cultivars Tuiuiú and Eldorado were submitted, in June 2012, in the Nematology Laboratory from IAPAR, collected in the municipalities of Araucária (25°35′34″S, 49°24′36″W) and Santana do Itararé (23°45′18″S, 49°37′44″W). Plants did not exhibit any above-ground symptoms. The specimens were identified through perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes of 20 adult females extracted from dissected roots (2,3). The population densities observed in the samples were 140 and 700 J2 and eggs per gram of roots, respectively, for both samples. Characteristics were consistent with those described for M. inornata. For example, perineal patterns of M. inornata showed a high dorsal arch, with smooth to wavy striae, similar to those of M. incognita; but no punctate markings between anus and tail terminus were observed. However, from the esterase electrophoresis we obtained the I3 (Rm = 0.83, 1.15, and 1.32) phenotype, typical of M. inornata, a species-specific phenotype used to differentiate this species from M. incognita (1). Moreover, the excretory pore of adult females was located 32.1 (± 5.4) μm from the anterior end, consistent with the M. inornata description (25 to 53 μm) (1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. inornata parasitizing common bean roots. This finding has great importance for Brazilian agriculture, since this nematode may damage common bean plants and become an additional problem for this crop. Additional work is necessary in order to elucidate the losses caused by M. inornata on common bean. References: (1) R. M. D. G. Carneiro et al. Nematology 10:123, 2008. (2) P. R. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou J. Nematol. 22:10, 1990. (3) K. M. Hartman and J. N. Sasser. Page 115 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, Volume II Methodology. K. R. Barker et al., eds. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Graphics, 1985. (4) MAPA. Feijão, Ministério da Agricultura, Brasil. Retrieved from http://www.agricultura.gov.br/vegetal/culturas/feijao September 05, 2012.

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are among the most important parasites of the lettuce crop. Managing these organisms is difficult due to limitations in genetic (use of resistant cultivars) and chemical control. Thus, new practices should be sought to reduce their reproduction. The present study aimed to evaluate the application of organic amendments in the control of Meloidogyne incognita in lettuce. At first, tomato plants were inoculated to establish an initial population in the soil. After 60 days, the aerial part was discarded, and the lettuce seedlings were transplanted into pots. Two days after transplanting, the treatments bokashi, crambe cake, whey protein, cottonseed composted and shredded wood chip composted were applied at 20 g or 20 mL per pot. Water was applied as control treatment. After 70 days, bokashi and crambe meal reduced the number of eggs/g of root and promoted plant growth. Results obtained with whey protein, cottonseed meal and composted shredded wood chip did not differ from those obtained with the control treatment. Bokashi and crambe cake are effective in the M. incognita control under controlled conditions.

Silicates have the potential to induce disease resistance in plants. Induction of nematode resistance usually results from paralysis of nurse cell development or activation of the hypersensitivity response. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of silicon (Si) treatment on the penetration and development of Meloidogyne javanica in various crops. The experiment was set up in a randomized (3 × 4) + 1 factorial design, with 3 Si sources (Silifort®, Rocksil® and wollastonite), 4 crops (maize, rice, common bean and soybean) and 1 treatment control (distilled water). The Si treatments included adding wollastonite to the soil 10 days prior to seedling transplantation, or spraying with solutions of Silifort® or Rocksil®, 2 days after seedlings transplantation. Twelve days after transplantation, the plants were inoculated with 1000 eggs and eventual second‐stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. At 3, 8, 13 and 18 days after inoculation (DAI), the plants were harvested and nematode penetration evaluated by optical microscopy. All Si treatments adversely affected development of M. javanica in soybean, common bean and rice and reduced nematode penetration of rice roots. Silifort® and wollastonite reduced nematode penetration in common bean and soybean roots, respectively. However, none of the Si treatments influenced the variables analysed in maize. The results of this study illustrate the potential of Si treatment to control M. javanica parasitism in plants.

Silicon is the main objective of many researchers whose goal is to see its use as an inductor resistance. The action of the inductor happens in the plants, where it does not affect the pathogen directly, but the effect will contribute for its control. Therefore, the main objective of this report was to evaluate the effect of silicon on the embryonic development and the hatching of Meloidogyne javanica. For this, three sources of silicon (Silifort ® , Rocksil ® and wollastonite) in the dosage 0 (distilled water), ½, 1 and 2x the producer indication, resulting in a factorial 3 x 4, were evaluated in two different times. In Petri dishes were add 1 ml of suspension with 1500 eggs, and eventually juveniles of M. javanica, and 9 ml of treatment, which were evaluated, in Peters chambers, the percentage of eggs one, two, tetra and multicellular, eggs containing juvenile formed, and the hatched in a period of three days and seven days after the incubation (DAI). The wollastonite had stimulated the embryonic developments, as the increase of the dosage, were not seen with the Silifort ® and Rocksil ® experiments. The increase in the dosage of wollastonite caused stimulus to the hatching in 3 DAI, while Silifort ® caused the reduction of hatching in 3 DAI in both experiments. In 7 DAI, there was a reduction of hatching of juveniles exposed to Silifort ® and Rocksil ® , in the experiments 1 and 2, respectively.

The gill nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is a widely distributed phytoparasite capable of causing great yield losses in the most diverse cultures. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to evaluate the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens used in the treatment of seeds as a biocontrol agent of Meloidogyne javanica in common bean, and the direct effect of M. javanica on hatching, motility and in vitro mortality. Experiments were conducted in the municipality of Cascavel, Paraná, in a greenhouse and laboratory. A randomized complete block design (DBC) was used, using five different doses of the biocontrol (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200% of the recommended dose), with five replicates for both experiments. The sowing of 3 seeds of cv. IPR Bullfinch was performed in 2 L plastic vessels with autoclaved soil and sand mix. The inoculation of 2000 eggs / J2 of M. javanica per plant was carried out in a sequence. Forty days after inoculation, the plants were removed for evaluation, where vegetative parameters and nematological parameters were analyzed. In the laboratory bacterial / nematological suspensions were added totaling 10mL per plate. Hatching in distilled water was used as control. The chambers were maintained in B.O.D. to 27 +/- 1º C with photoperiod of 12 hours / light. Hatching, motility and mortality were evaluated at 9 and 15 days. Both data were subjected to a regression analysis at 5% probability level, using the statistical software SISVAR, version 5.6. Results showed that the bacterial isolate B. amyloliquefaciens is a potential controller of M. javanica "in vitro", as well as of “in vivo" vegetative and nematological parameters.

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Meloidogyne javanica and M. arenaria were identified morphologically and through isozyme profiles from root samples collected from a garden in the municipality of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first record of M. javanica and M. arenaria on calla in Brazil.