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Nanomedicine manipulates materials at atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale, with at least one dimension within the nanometer range, for biomedical applications. The resulting nanoparticles have been consistently shown beneficial effects for antifungal drugs delivery, overcoming the problems of low bioavailability and high toxicity of these drugs. Due to their unique features, namely the small mean particle size, nanoparticles contribute to the enhanced drug absorption and uptake by the target cells, potentiating the therapeutic drug effect. The topical route is desirable due to the adverse effects arising from oral administration. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the use of nano compounds for the current treatment of topical fungal infections. A special emphasis is given to the employment of lipid nanoparticles, due to their recognized efficacy, versatility and biocompatibility, attracting the major attention as novel topical nanocompounds used for the administration of antifungal drugs.

The use of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) has become a very popular approach in the development of innovative pharmaceutical drug delivery systems. The first step is the assessment the lipids' suitability. This paper is focused on the physicochemical characterization of lipids, namely cetyl alcohol and cetearyl alcohol, for the production of SLN. The bulk lipids were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) without any treatment, after tempering the raw materials (bulk lipid) for 1 hour at 80 °C, and after their spray-drying process. Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values were determined using a combination of surfactants (polysorbate 20 and trioleate sorbitan) for the production of the hot o/w emulsion. Results of DSC and WAXD showed that after the thermal stress applied to the bulk lipids, both the melting point and the intensity of the refractogram peaks have decreased. Cetyl alcohol and cetearyl alcohol crystallized in more unstable polymorphic forms, which anticipate the suitability of these lipids for the production of SLN. The best HLB values obtained for the produced emulsions were 15.5, 16.0, and 16.7, combining accepted surfactants. The results showed that both cetearyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol are adequate lipids for the development of stable SLN.

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Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is extensively used as food pigment worldwide. Recently, several studies have found it to have healing and antioxidant properties, as well as effective action against leishmaniasis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to incorporate the oil obtained from annatto seeds into a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) and evaluate its physicochemical properties and biological activity against Leishmania major. Nanoparticles were prepared by the fusion-emulsification and ultrasonication method, with the components Synperonic™ PE (PL) as the surfactant, cetyl palmitate (CP) or myristyl myristate (MM) as solid lipids, annatto oil (AO) (2% and 4%, w/w) as liquid lipid and active ingredient, and ultra-pure water. Physicochemical and biological characterizations were carried out to describe the NLCs, including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) by dynamic light scattering (DLS), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), thermal behavior, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), cytotoxicity on BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts and immortalized human keratinocyte cells, and anti-leishmaniasis activity in vitro. Nanoparticles presented an average diameter of ~200 nm (confirmed by TEM results), a PDI of less than 0.30, ZP between −12.6 and −31.2 mV, and more than 50% of AO encapsulated in NLCs. Thermal analyses demonstrated that the systems were stable at high temperatures with a decrease in crystalline structure due to the presence of AOs (confirmed by XRD). In vitro, the anti-leishmania test displayed good activity in encapsulating AO against L. major. The results indicate that the oily fraction of Bixa orellana L. in NLC systems should be evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against leishmaniasis.

Background: The veterinary pharmaceutical industry has shown significant growth in recent decades. Several factors contribute to this increase as the demand for the improvement of the quality of life of both domestic and wild animals, together with the need to improve the quality, productivity, and safety of foodstuffs of animal origin. Methods: The goal of this work was to identify the most suitable medicines for animals that focus on drug delivery routes as those for humans, although they may have different devices, such as collars and ear tags. Results: Recent advances in drug delivery systems for veterinary use are discussed, both from academic research and the global market. The administration routes commonly used for veterinary medicines are also explored, while special attention is given to the latest technological trends to improve the drug performance, reducing the number of doses, animal stress, and side effects. Conclusion: Drug delivery system in veterinary decreased the number of doses, side effects, and animal stress are a small fraction of the benefits of veterinary drug delivery systems and represent a significant increase in profit for the industry; also, it demands investments in research regarding the quality, safety, and efficacy of the drug and the drug delivery systems.

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