Objective This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between shift work and eating habits. Methods The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (number 42015024680). PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for published reports. Of 2432 identified articles, 33 observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Their methodological approaches were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted using a standardized form. Studies were considered to have a low or a high risk of bias according to a percentage score of quality. Results The majority of the studies presented a quality score of <70% and a high risk of bias for comparability, sample selection and non-respondents. Shift workers show changes in meal patterns, skipping more meals and consuming more food at unconventional times. They also show higher consumption of unhealthy foods, such as saturated fats and soft drinks. Conclusions This review suggests that shift work can affect the quality of workers' diets, but new studies, especially longitudinal studies, which examine the time of exposure to shift work, the duration of the workday and sleep patterns, are necessary to confirm this association.

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The authors examined the associations of shiftwork with overweight and abdominal obesity through a cross-sectional study of 1206 employees 18 to 50 yrs of age who were working on a production line in a poultry processing plant. Night-shift workers (n = 800) were considered exposed, whereas day shiftworkers (n = 406) were considered nonexposed. Overweight was defined as a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2) and abdominal obesity as a waist circumference ≥ 88 cm in women and ≥ 102 cm in men. The mean age of the workers was 30.5 yrs (standard deviation = 8.7 yrs), and 65.2% were women. Nightshift workers compared to dayshift workers showed higher prevalences of overweight (42.2% vs. 34.3%; p= .020) and abdominal obesity (24.9% vs. 19.5%; p = .037). After adjusting for sociodemographics, parental overweight status, behavioral characteristics, and sleep characteristics, including hours of sleep, the prevalence ratios for overweight and abdominal obesity were 1.27 (95% confidence interval [ CI]: 1.00-1.61) and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.10-1.92), respectively, for the nightshift workers compared to the dayshift workers. A consistent finding in our study was the independent contribution of night shiftwork to overweight and abdominal obesity among Brazilian workers. Further studies are needed to understand the biological mechanisms involved and the complex behavioral and social adaptations experienced by night-shift workers.

The objectives were to analyze the prevalence of arterial hypertension reported by Brazilian adults over 20 years of age and verify associated socioeconomic variables in three time periods. The data are from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 1998 (196,439 participants), 2003 (231,921), and 2008 (250,664). The outcome was self-reported arterial hypertension. The principal exposures were income in Reais and schooling in years. Data analysis used Poisson regression with robust variance with control for complex samples. Higher prevalence of arterial hypertension was associated with lower schooling, regardless of the survey year and gender. Low income was associated with higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, regardless of years of schooling, in the overall sample and in women. In men, this effect was not observed in 1998 and 2003. In 2008, high-income men showed higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, suggesting effect modification. Thus, the current study pointed to an increase in prevalence rates for arterial hypertension in the three periods, highlighting the inverse association with socioeconomic factors.

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Objetivo: Identificar os padrões alimentares e sua relação com o estado menopáusico.Métodos: Estudo transversal com 646 mulheres em atendimento ambulatorial no Sul do Brasil. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por questionário de frequência e cinco padrões alimentares foram identificados através da análise de componentes principais. O estado menopáusico foi classificado em pré-menopausa, perimenopausa e pós-menopausa.Resultados: Identificaram-se cinco padrões alimentares: frutas e verduras, brasileiro (arroz, feijão e leite), lanches (bolo, xis, pizza, cuca), prudente (peixe, suco natural, pão integral e sopa de legumes) e regional (alimentos típicos na serra gaúcha como carnes vermelhas, aipim e massas). Após ajuste para características sociodemográficas, não verificou-se associação significativa entre o estado menopáusico e os padrões alimentares. Apenas idade, escolaridade e renda mostraram-se associadas com padrões alimentares.Conclusão: Foram identificados cinco padrões alimentares que descreveram o consumo alimentar da população estudada, sendo estes semelhantes ao indicado como ideal para a população brasileira. Nossos achados indicam que o padrão alimentar das mulheres no climatério possui influência significativa da idade, escolaridade e renda e que não sofre influência do estado menopáusico.

Objective: The objective of our study was to explore the association between sleep deprivation and obesity among shift workers. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Obesity was defined as BMI $30 kg/m 2 . Time of sleep was categorized as: .5 h of continuous sleep/d; #5 h of continuous sleep/d with some additional rest (sleep deprivation level I); and #5 h of continuous sleep/d without any additional rest (sleep deprivation level II). Sociodemographic, parental and behavioural variables were evaluated by means of a standardized pre-tested questionnaire. Potential confounding factors were controlled for in the multivariable model. Setting: A poultry-processing plant in southern Brazil. Subjects: Nine hundred and five shift workers (63 % female). Results: Obesity was more prevalent in the participants who were female, aged 40 years and older, who had less schooling and reported excess weight in both parents. Sleep deprivation levels I and II were associated with increased income, number of meals consumed throughout the day and nightshift work. All of the workers who exhibited a degree of sleep deprivation worked the night shift. After controlling for potential confounding factors, the prevalence ratios of obesity were 1?4 (95 % CI 0?8, 2?2) and 4?4 (95 % CI 2?4, 8?0) in the workers with sleep deprivation levels I and II, respectively, compared with the reference group. Conclusions: These results show a strong association between sleep deprivation and obesity in shift workers and that sleep deprivation may be a direct consequence of working at night.

We estimated the prevalence of poor self-rated mastication and associated factors among Brazilian IntroduçãoAo longo dos últimos cinqüenta anos tem-se observado uma mudança no perfil demográfico mundial e brasileiro. A população está envelhecendo cada vez mais, e as predições atuais indicam que no ano de 2050, em cada cinco indivídu-os um será idoso 1,2 . Sabe-se que estes indivíduos representam uma grande parcela de suscetibilidades a problemas bucais e doenças crônicas, obrigando o sistema de saúde a adaptar-se às novas exigências e elevar seus gastos financeiros com este segmento da população 3 . O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foi criado sob os princípios de universalidade, integralidade e igualdade. Nestes últimos vinte anos tem-se acompanhado seus avanços, principalmente na redução da mortalidade infantil, no aumento da expectativa de vida da população e na ampliação do escopo da assistência, incluindo ações programáticas e de financiamento a outras áreas, tais como a vigilância em saúde e a assistência odontológica 2 .No entanto, apesar de uma ampla modificação do Sistema Único de Saúde sobre medidas curativas e preventivas sobre a maioria das doenças bucais, muitos indivíduos são excluídos dos cuidados adequados em saúde bucal 4 . A Pesquisa Nacional de Amostragem por Domicílios (PNAD), realizada em 1998, revelou que o SUS estava longe de alcançar seus preceitos em relação à saúde bucal 5 . A universalidade apresenta-ARTIGO ARTICLE