No abstract

Context There is no systematic review on the relationship between racial discrimination and eating habits. Objective A systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence on the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and eating habits. A conceptual model was developed to depict the most common mechanisms used to explain this association. Data Sources Articles were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and PsycINFO databases from inception to January 2021. Study Selection Only observational studies were included, and there were no restrictions on age, racial group, or country. Two reviewers selected the articles independently. Data Extraction Data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers. The assessment of methodological quality was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results All studies retrieved were conducted among the US population. Nineteen studies were included. On average, the studies showed a methodological quality of 66%. Forty-six associations were evaluated: 38 between PRD and negative eating habits, 29 between PRD and eating behavior, and 17 between PRD and food consumption. Conclusions PRD negatively affects eating habits. A conceptual framework based on ecosocial theory is suggested as a guide for future research. Further studies in different countries (beyond the United States) should be conducted to understand how racial discrimination affects eating habits within different ethnic, cultural, social, and economic contexts. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019142605

Porto Alegre v. 11 n. 3 p. 529-543 set.-dez. 2011 Sujeito, sociedade e linguagem Uma reflexão sobre as bases teóricas da pesquisa com narrativas biográficas Subject, society and language A reflection on the theoretical grounds of biographic narratives research Marcos Fanton* Resumo: O foco deste artigo é o esclarecimento de alguns dos principais conceitos utilizados pelo método das narrativas biográficas. Ainda que esta metodologia seja utilizada amplamente, as suas bases teóricas ainda não parecem ter sido sistematicamente elaboradas. Nesse sentido, os objetivos deste artigo são os seguintes: [i] desenvolver o método de entrevista narrativa e o método de análise de narrativas biográficas criado por Fritz Schütze; [ii] esclarecer algumas das teses teóricas que tal autor assume, no que diz respeito à tarefa da sociologia e de seu(s) objeto(s) de estudo, a partir dos conceitos de sujeito, sociedade e linguagem; [iii] explorar as influências da matriz teórica da sociologia fenomenológica de Alfred Schutz na metodologia de Schütze e realizar uma comparação entre ambas. Concluimos afirmando que a sociologia fenomenológica não pode ser considerada a única matriz teórica que fundamenta a metodologia de Schütze, o que aponta para novos questionamentos.

The prevalence of overweight in Brazilian adults has grown in recent years. There is evidence indicating that environmental factors, especially social characteristics, may be involved in the aetiology of overweight, but few studies have investigated this association adequately. The main objective of this study was to identify residents’ perception of their social environment (social cohesion, security and violence) and assess its relationship with overweight in a central area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The associations between socioeconomic characteristics and social environment perception were also explored. This cross-sectional study conducted in 2018–19 had 400 participants aged from 20 to 70 years living in low- and high-income areas of the city of Porto Alegre. Participants’ perception of social cohesion, security and violence were evaluated using a validated questionnaire. Participants’ body mass index (BMI) was measured, and those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were considered to be overweight. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated through Poisson regression analysis; level of significance was 5%. The prevalence of overweight in the sample was 68.8% (95% CI 64.0–73.2). Individuals with a more positive social cohesion perception had a higher prevalence of overweight (PR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00–1.12; p=0.02) than those with a less positive perception. Brown individuals also had a higher prevalence of overweight (PR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02–1.15; p=0.03) than those of other skin colour/race. No association was found between overweight and perception of security or violence. Therefore, social cohesion may be an important factor in overweight and the findings highlight the importance of considering social factors, and their perceptions, when planning actions for the prevention and control of overweight in a population.

Objective: the study aimed to analyze the direct and indirect associations of self-reported experience of racial discrimination with dietary patterns, obesity, and abdominal obesity. Design: it is a cross-sectional population-based study. The main exposure was self-reported experiences of racial discrimination which was assessed by the Experiences of Discrimination scale. The mediator variables were the dietary patterns: healthy, traditional Brazilian, refined carbohydrates and sugars, and fast food. The outcomes were obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m²), and abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 88 cm for women and ≥ 102 cm for men). Structural equation modeling was used to clarify relationships between exposures, outcomes and mediating variables. Setting: Porto Alegre, Brazil Participants: 400 adults aged between 20 and 70 years. Results: the mean age of participants was 47.2 years (SD = 13.9 years). Experience racial discrimination had a positive direct effect on obesity and abdominal obesity in all models. The experience of racial discrimination did not have a direct effect on any dietary pattern neither the experience of racial discrimination did not have an indirect effect on obesity and abdominal obesity via any dietary pattern. Conclusions: our results suggest that a higher experience of racial discrimination is associated with obesity and abdominal obesity, and its association is independent of healthy or unhealthy dietary patterns.

IntroduçãoO discurso de Frederick Douglass, 1 aqui traduzido, é considerado um dos textos abolicionistas mais famosos da história norte-americana. Convidado pela Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society, Douglass proferiu seu discurso, em comemoração ao dia da independência norte-americana, por mais de duas horas diante de um público de cerca de seiscentas pessoas, entre elas homens e mulheres negras e brancas, que se faziam presentes no Salão Corinthian, em Rochester, Nova Iorque.Assim como hoje, o quatro de julho, para os norte-americanos, sempre foi associado à rituais e cerimonias patrióticas, com eventos privados e públicos, para celebrar a data de nascimento dos Estados Unidos da América e da Declaração da Independência. Porém, para a maioria dos negros e dos movimentos abolicionistas, este era um feriado de pessoas brancas. Como era possível comemorar o dia da assinatura de um documento que visava garantir liberdade e direitos iguais para todos, se o país permitia a escravidão? O quatro de julho, por isso, era um dia de luto, não de celebração. Para os negros, era a data da promessa da liberdade e de sua negação. Como forma de protesto, muitos movimentos abolicionistas adiavam para o dia 5 de julho a realização de alguma manifestação. O discurso de Douglass, nesse sentido, é 1 Tradução, introdução, revisão e notas realizadas por Marcos Fanton (PPG em Filosofia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, em Recife, PE, Brasil

This paper offers a systematic reading of justice as fairness. By 'systematic reading' I mean an interpretation capable of presenting the rawlsian political conception as a coherent theoretical framework with all its stages of justification. I argue that the concept of point of view allows for this kind of interpretation. In the first part of this paper, I briefly discuss the difficulties of obtaining a comprehensive understanding of justice as fairness from some proposals previously set forth in the literature. In the second part, I make a formal definition of the concept of point of view and expound the main points of view in justice as fairness. Finally, I set out in detail what I will call here 'Rawls's point of view', the starting point of justice as fairness.

Introduction: Climate conditions may influence the transmission of COVID-19. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of temperature and relative humidity on COVID-19 cases and related deaths during the initial phase of the epidemic in Brazil. Methodology: An ecological study based on secondary data was conducted. Daily data on new COVID-19 cases, deaths, and climate indicators were collected from February 20 to April 18, 2020 (n = 59 days) for all state capital cities in Brazil and the Federal District (Brasília). The climate indicators included mean temperature, temperature amplitude, mean relative humidity, relative humidity amplitude, and percentage of days with mean relative humidity ≤ 65 %. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed for all cities and stratified by quintiles of the COVID-19 incidence rate. Results: The mean daily temperature was positively correlated with the number of days until the first COVID-19 case was reported. A lower mean relative humidity was correlated with a lower number of cases and deaths in Brazil, especially when the relative humidity was ≤ 65 %. Higher temperatures and humidity amplitudes were correlated with lower COVID-19 mortality. Additionally, after controlling for humidity, cumulative cases of COVID-19 were inversely associated with temperature in cities with mean temperatures less than 25.8 °C. Conclusions: Variations in temperature and humidity across the Brazilian territory may have influenced the spread of the novel coronavirus during the initial phase of the epidemic.