Paradigma pengelolaan sumber daya alam di sektor pertambangan yang dilakukan pemerintah selama ini menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan, antara lain: semakin meningkatnya konflik, kerusakan lingkungan dan tingkat kemiskinan masyarakat yang belum berubah serta mengabaikan sistem nilai, sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya masyarakat lokal. Sebagaimana yang terjadi di Lumajang, Konflik pertambangan di Lumajang berkaitan dengan isu sengketa kepemilikan lahan antara masyarakat dengan penambang maupun perusahaan tambang, interaksi pelaku tambang dengan masyarakat sekitar lokasi tambang, legalitas aktivitas pertambangan, degradasi lingkungan akibat adanya aktivitas lingkungan, dan regulasi pertambangan. Dalam kaitan itu diperlukan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa alternatif atau alternative dispute resolution yang tidak membuat masyarakat tergantung pada dunia hukum yang terbatas kapasitasnya, namun tetap dapat menghadirkan rasa keadilan dan penyelesaian masalah. Mekanisme tersebut sebenarnya telah memiliki dasar hukum dan telah memiliki preseden serta pernah dipraktikkan di Indonesia walau jarang disadari. Mekanisme tersebut juga memiliki potensi untuk semakin dikembangkan di Indonesia.The paradigm of natural resource management in the mining sector by the government, has brought many problems, among others: the increasing conflict, environmental degradation and the poverty rate has not changed and the society that ignores the value system, social, economic, cultural and local communities. As in Lumajang, Lumajang mining conflicts relating to issues of land ownership disputes between communities and miners and mining companies, mining offender interaction with the community around the mine site, the legality of mining activities, environmental degradation due to environmental activities, and mining regulations. That regard the necessary mechanisms of alternative dispute resolution does not make people dependent on the legal capacity, but still can bring a sense of justice and problem resolution. The mechanism actually has a legal basis and already have a precedent and once practiced in Indonesia though rarely recognized. The mechanism also has the potential for further development in Indonesia.
A notary in exercising powers to make an authentic deed is required to read it before an interlocutor as it is set in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter (m) Notary Act. The problem that arises is that, in some cases, notaries are not the only persons who exercise such duties. In fact, such role is often replaced by their staffs on duties entitled to them. It asserts that Notary Act is not extremely obeyed with following effects of the absence of laws in Notary Act which is specifically dealt with the role of notary’s staffs. This study uses empirical legal research with sociological jurisprudence approach. The result shows that a notary has attributive powers from Notary Act which is granted rights or powers to authorize staffs to act and exercize notary’s duties. To adhere with this view, a notary deed is seen as a perfect evidence if a notary did not accomplish certain procedures. However, if a notary cannot prove it, the declaration of a privately made deed should be made by judges of the courts. If there is any disadvantage as the result of deed read by staffs, a notary can be sued in the courts to provide compensation or certain terms as constituted in Article 1365 of the Civil Code, including maerial and immaterial compensations. Keywords: Civil Liability, Notary, Notary Staffs, Deed
AbstrakPada setiap kehidupan bermasyarakat akan dijumpai sebuah perbedaan antara tingkah laku dengan kaidah-kaidah hukum. Perbedaan tersebut dapat menimbulkan perselisihan atau ketegangan antara satu dengan lainnya yang kemungkinan dapat pula terjadi dalam satu keluarga. Permasalahan yang seringkali timbul pada satu keluarga adalah peralihan terhadap harta dalam bentuk hibah dari orang tua kepada anaknya. Penyelesaian jika terjadi sengketa mengenai obyek hibah terpaksa harus diselesaikan di pengadilan. Pemberian dalam bentuk hibah dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan akta otentik sebagaimana telah diatur pada Pasal 1682 KUHPerdata. Pejabat Umum yang oleh undang-undang diberikan suatu kewenangan untuk membuat Akta Hibah adalah Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah. Terkait mana pembuatan akta tersebut untuk sebagai dasar pendaftaran terkait perubahan data pendaftaran tanah akibat dilakukannya perbuatan hukum atas tanah tersebut. Terkait timbulnya sengketa atas status kepemilikan berdasarkan akta hibah, maka dalam hal ini setiap hakim sebagai tonggak penegakan hukum sendiri mempunyai penafsiran yang berbeda terhadap aturan hukum dalam penyelesaian sengketa pada proses peradilan. Singkatnya, terdapat pertentangan norma antara apa yang telah diputuskan oleh hakim dengan ketentuan Pasal 1686 KUHPdt yang berakibat pada ketidakpastian hukum terhadap implementasi pasal tersebut.
Abstract. Kuspraningrum E, Luth T, Yuliati, Safa'at R, Kuspradini H. 2020. Review: The conservation of Tengger indigenous people's traditional knowledge of biological natural resource‐based disease treatments. Biodiversitas 21: 5040-5053. The indigenous people of Tengger, a community living around Bromo Mountain in East Java, frequently use ethnic knowledge to process biological natural resources into medicines used to cure diseases. These include Foeniculum vulgare Mill. tree, Tithonia diversifolia/insulin tree, Mikania cordata L. and Bidens pilosa tree, Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn., and Acorus calamus L. This intelligence is acquired consciously to solve health problems. In addition, the bond between the community and nature is highly philosophical, hence the presence of respect and maintaining the harmony of Knowledge obtained from nature ensures life continuity. Therefore, the belief is passed on through the generations, and traditional knowledge is attained following the gain of existence. This phenomenon is proven by numerous modern researches with scientific methods that admit the plant healing properties. In addition, traditional knowledge is a significant topic of interest in the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity, and was thus ratified by Law Number 5 of 1994. The object of this research is potential medicinal plants for healing and tengger indigenous people’s conservation model is to provide a platform to protect the interest of biological resources, including their use in the field of medicines belonging to indigenous peoples. Therefore, the empirical interdisciplinary research involves the compilation of data from the collection of similar scientific journals, for use as evidence. This is important to ascertain the existence of traditional medicine based on natural resources, followed by integrations with other disciplines, including the laws to be developed concerning the best protection methods. Furthermore, this investigation is essential for identifying the philosophical values of Tengger people, the importance of knowledge conservation, and recognizing the laws and regulations-based efforts aimed at protecting information on plant-based medicine production from extinction and biopiracy. These considerations are important because the absence of government intervention, alongside the preservation of plant species and traditional knowledge on treatment predisposes the possibility of destruction.
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