Knowledge of genetic parameters is essential for improved reproductive management and increased yield. Quantitative analysis of genetic parameters is lacking for many breeds of buffaloes. This article provides the first estimate of genetic parameters for dual purpose (meat and milk) Brazilian Jaffarabadi buffaloes, using Bayesian inference. Data on milk yield (MY), lactation length (LL), weight at 205 days (W205) and 365 (W365) days of age, and average daily gain (ADG) from 205 to 365 days of age were collected in two herds. Bivariate analyses (using the program MTGSAM) were performed with the Gibbs sampler to obtain estimates of variance and covariance. Average lactation milk yield and lactation length were 1 620.2±450.9 kg and 257.6±46.8 days, respectively, and the mean values for weight traits (kg) were 181.6±63.3 (W205), 298.04±116.1 (W365), and 0.73±0.35 (ADG). Heritability estimates (modes) were 0.16 for MY, 0.10 for LL, 0.43 for W205, 0.48 for W365 and 0.32 for ADG. There was a high genetic correlation (0.96) between milk yield and lactation length and very high genetic correlations (0.99) between the three growth traits. Our data suggest that both milk production and growth traits have clear potential for yield improvement through direct selection in this dual purpose breed. The selection for weight at an early age would be successful and selection for MY can be performed in the first lactation.

Data from two quail strains, UFV1 and UFV 2, measured weekly from hatch to sixth week in a total of seven live body weight traits were used aiming to estimate genetic correlations and heritabilities. After females were evaluated they were monitored in their egg-laying phase, in which the total egg number, the average weight of the eggs and the average specific gravity of eggs were measured. Multi-trait analysis was performed with the ten traits measured for estimation of heritabilities, genetic and residual correlations. For body weight traits, heritabilities varying from 0.25 to 0.53 for UFV1 and from 0.27 to 0.53 for UFV2 were estimated; genetic correlations increased as the interval between records was reduced. For egg number, the heritability estimate was of low magnitude (0.05 and 0.04), whereas for average egg weight (0.41 and 0.39) and egg specific gravity (0.31 and 0.18), they were of moderate magnitude for UFV1 and UFV2, respectively. The genetic correlations between body weights and egg number were negative in UFV1 and positive in UFV2; for average egg weight, they were positive, and for specific gravity, they were negative for both strains. It can be concluded, then, that selection based on body weight in the growth phase of meat quail must be done preferably at early ages such as weight at the third or fourth week of life, once they are positively correlated with weight at slaughter age and have few effects on the production and quality of eggs.

ABSTRACT. With the objective of evaluating measures of milk yield persistency, 27,000 test-day milk yield records from 3362 first lactations of Brazilian Gyr cows that calved between 1990 and 2007 were analyzed with a random regression model. Random, additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were modeled using Legendre polynomials of order 4 and 5, respectively. Residual variance was modeled using five classes. The average lactation curve was modeled using a fourth-order Legendre polynomial. Heritability estimates for measures of persistency ranged from 0.10 to 0.25. Genetic correlations between measures of persistency and 305-day milk yield (Y305) ranged from -0.52 to 0.03. At high selection intensities for persistency measures and Y305, few animals were selected in common. As the selection intensity for the two traits decreased, a higher percentage of animals were selected in common. The average predicted breeding values for Y305 according to year of birth of the cows had a substantial annual genetic gain. In contrast, no improvement in the average persistency breeding value was observed. We conclude that selection for total milk yield during lactation does not identify bulls or cows that are genetically superior in terms of milk yield persistency. A measure of persistency represented by the sum of deviations of estimated breeding value for days 31 to 280 in relation to estimated breeding value for day 30 should be preferred in genetic evaluations of this trait in the Gyr breed, since this measure showed a medium heritability and a genetic correlation with 305-day milk yield close to zero. In addition, this measure is more adequate at the time of peak lactation, which occurs between days 25 and 30 after calving in this breed.

RESUMOUtilizaram-se registros de pesos do nascimento aos 196 dias de idade de 927 cordeiros, filhos de 45 reprodutores e 323 matrizes de ovinos da raça Santa Inês, controlados de 1983 a 2000, com o objetivo de avaliar três modelos que consideraram ou não o efeito genético materno e a (co)variância entre os efeitos genéticos direto e materno, para estimar componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos por meio de modelos uni e bicaracterísticas. Os componentes de (co)variâncias e os parâmetros genéticos direto e materno para os pesos foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, sob modelo animal. De acordo com o teste de razão de verossimilhança, o modelo que incluiu o efeito aditivo direto mais o efeito materno foi o indicado para todas as características estudadas. A não-inclusão do efeito materno no modelo de análise superestimou as variâncias e as herdabilidades para o efeito direto (0,56 a 0,23). A importância do efeito materno diminuiu ao longo da trajetória de crescimento, à medida que a idade dos cordeiros aumentava. As variâncias e as herdabilidades estimadas por meio dos modelos bicaracterísticas para os efeitos genéticos diretos foram superiores às obtidas pelos modelos unicaracterísticas. As correlações genéticas entre as características foram altas e positivas. O efeito materno foi importante para todas as características estudadas, devendo, portanto, ser considerado nos estudos de crescimento. Os modelos bicaracterísticas possibilitaram resgatar parte da variância aditiva direta, levando a estimativas maiores de herdabilidade.

BackgroundStructural equation models (SEM) are used to model multiple traits and the casual links among them. The number of different causal structures that can be used to fit a SEM is typically very large, even when only a few traits are studied. In recent applications of SEM in quantitative genetics mixed model settings, causal structures were pre-selected based on prior beliefs alone. Alternatively, there are algorithms that search for structures that are compatible with the joint distribution of the data. However, such a search cannot be performed directly on the joint distribution of the phenotypes since causal relationships are possibly masked by genetic covariances. In this context, the application of the Inductive Causation (IC) algorithm to the joint distribution of phenotypes conditional to unobservable genetic effects has been proposed.MethodsHere, we applied this approach to five traits in European quail: birth weight (BW), weight at 35 days of age (W35), age at first egg (AFE), average egg weight from 77 to 110 days of age (AEW), and number of eggs laid in the same period (NE). We have focused the discussion on the challenges and difficulties resulting from applying this method to field data. Statistical decisions regarding partial correlations were based on different Highest Posterior Density (HPD) interval contents and models based on the selected causal structures were compared using the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC). In addition, we used temporal information to perform additional edge orienting, overriding the algorithm output when necessary.ResultsAs a result, the final causal structure consisted of two separated substructures: BW→AEW and W35→AFE→NE, where an arrow represents a direct effect. Comparison between a SEM with the selected structure and a Multiple Trait Animal Model using DIC indicated that the SEM is more plausible.ConclusionsCoupling prior knowledge with the output provided by the IC algorithm allowed further learning regarding phenotypic causal structures when compared to standard mixed effects SEM applications.

RESUMOForam utilizados registros de pesos do nascimento aos 196 dias de idade de 927 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, controlados de 1983 a 2000, com os objetivos de estimar parâmetros genéticos e predizer valores genéticos dos animais por meio de modelos de regressão aleatória e compará-los aos obtidos por meio de modelos bicaracterísticas. Os modelos de regressão aleatória foram ajustados por intermédio de polinômios de Legendre. As estimativas de herdabilidade do efeito genético direto aumentaram do nascimento aos 196 dias de idade. As herdabilidades para o efeito materno aumentaram do nascimento aos 56 dias, decrescendo em seguida com a idade. As herdabilidades para o efeito direto obtidas pelas análises bicaracterísticas e regressão aleatória apresentaram tendência oposta. As estimativas obtidas pelas análises bicaracterísticas decresceram do nascimento aos 196 dias de idade, e as obtidas pelos modelos de regressão aleatória aumentaram. As herdabilidades para efeito materno estimadas pelos modelos de regressão aleatória e bicaracterísticas apresentaram o mesmo comportamento, porém em diferentes magnitudes. A correlação de ordem entre os valores genéticos preditos pelos dois modelos foi baixa. As estimativas de herdabilidade e correlações genéticas obtidas pelo modelo de regressão aleatória foram mais coerentes quando comparadas àquelas obtidas pelo modelo bicaracterística.

ABSTRACT. Data from 1279 lactations of 783 Alpine and Saanen goats of the herd of our university in Minas Gerais, Brazil, were used to study environmental effects on and to estimate genetic parameters for milk production until 270 days of lactation (MP270) and for production and percentages of fat (PFAT and %FAT), protein (PPROT and %PROT), lactose (PLACT and %LACT), and total dry extract (PEXTR and %EXTR). Environmental effects were estimated by a statistical model that included contemporary group effect, type of kidding, genetic grouping, and kidding order. A multi-trait animal model with animal and permanent environment random effects was used to estimate genetic parameters and the significant environmental effects (fixed). Contemporary group influenced all traits; genetic grouping did not influence %LACT; type of kidding did not influence PFAT, %PROT or %LACT, and kidding order did not influence %FAT or %EXTR. Estimates of genetic correlations among MP270 and production of milk constituents were positive and high, but correlations between MP270 and %FAT, MP270 and %PROT, MP270 and %ESTR were moderate and negative. These heritability estimates show that satisfactory genetic gains can be obtained by selection, especially for milk constituents.

Este estudo teve por objetivo medir o efeito da interação genótipo-ambiente (IGA) em algumas características de crescimento em bovinos Nelore. Os dados foram coletados em duas fazendas, em regiões distintas do Estado de Minas Gerais, Sul (faz I) e Noroeste (faz II), e correspondem aos pesos de 2.896 animais à pré-desmama (PD), 2.605 à desmama (DM) e 1.522 à pós-desmama (SA), com 9.911 no arquivo de genealogia. Apenas animais criados em pasto foram utilizados para as análises. Os efeitos de época de nascimento (mês-ano), sexo e fazenda foram reunidos em grupos de contemporâneos. Os componentes de (co)variância foram estimados pelo programa MTDFREML. Nas análises conjuntas de duas características as estimativas de herdabilidade dos efeitos diretos foram 0,24, 0,16, e 0,17 (faz I) e 0,25, 0,24, e 0,17 (faz II), para PD, DM e SA, respectivamente. As correlações de ordem dos valores genéticos entre fazendas para as características PD, DM e SA foram, respectivamente, 0,74, 0,76 e 0,51. Na mesma ordem, as correlações genéticas entre fazendas foram 0,96, 0,95 e 0,53. Estes resultados não evidenciaram efeito da IGA até a desmama, porém após a desmama seu efeito foi grande, sugerindo que se deva fazer uma avaliação regional para escolha de reprodutores Nelore se se utilizar essa última característica como critério de seleção.