Herbal medicines with anthelmintic effects are alternatives for the sustainable control and prevention of disease caused by gastrointestinal parasites. The nanoencapsulation of essential oils has been proposed to enhance the absorption of their constituents and improve their efficacy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EcEO) on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants in vitro and in vivo. Chitosan was used as a matrix for the formulation of a nanoemulsion. Chromatographic and physico-chemical analyses of EcEO were performed. Egg hatch (EHT) and larval development (LDT) tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoencapsulated and free EcEO on the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Acute toxicity of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO was evaluated using mice. Finally, nanoencapsulated EcEO efficacy on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes was calculated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) treating 30 sheep naturally infected with 250 mg/kg of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO. In vitro tests were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with the Tukey test. The efficacy of FECRT was calculated by the BootStreet program through arithmetic average, using the formula 100 (1-XT/XC). To compare the differences between epg, the data were transformed to log(x+1) and subjected to an ANOVA to compare the significant differences between groups by Tukey's. The level of significance was P<0.05. The free (4 mg/ml concentration) and nanoencapsulated (2mg/ml concentration) EcEO inhibited larvae hatching by 97.2% and 92.8%, respectively. Free and nanoencapsulated EcEO at 8 mg/ml inhibited larval development by 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively. In the acute toxicity test, the LD10 and LD50 of free EcEO was 1999 and 2653 mg/kg, respectively, while the LD10 and LD50 of nanoencapsulated EcEO was 1121 and 1681 mg/kg, respectively. Nanoencapsulated and free EcEO reduced FEC similarly by 40.5% and 55.9%, respectively at 10 days post-treatment. Nanoencapsulated EcEO did not obtain the expected efficacy in vivo.

Data from two quail strains, UFV1 and UFV 2, measured weekly from hatch to sixth week in a total of seven live body weight traits were used aiming to estimate genetic correlations and heritabilities. After females were evaluated they were monitored in their egg-laying phase, in which the total egg number, the average weight of the eggs and the average specific gravity of eggs were measured. Multi-trait analysis was performed with the ten traits measured for estimation of heritabilities, genetic and residual correlations. For body weight traits, heritabilities varying from 0.25 to 0.53 for UFV1 and from 0.27 to 0.53 for UFV2 were estimated; genetic correlations increased as the interval between records was reduced. For egg number, the heritability estimate was of low magnitude (0.05 and 0.04), whereas for average egg weight (0.41 and 0.39) and egg specific gravity (0.31 and 0.18), they were of moderate magnitude for UFV1 and UFV2, respectively. The genetic correlations between body weights and egg number were negative in UFV1 and positive in UFV2; for average egg weight, they were positive, and for specific gravity, they were negative for both strains. It can be concluded, then, that selection based on body weight in the growth phase of meat quail must be done preferably at early ages such as weight at the third or fourth week of life, once they are positively correlated with weight at slaughter age and have few effects on the production and quality of eggs.

RESUMO -Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar diferentes modelos de regressão aleatória, ajustados por meio de funções polinomiais de Legendre de diferentes ordens, para avaliar o que melhor se ajusta ao estudo genético da curva de crescimento de codornas de corte. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de 26.835 e 27.447 observações, de 3.909 e 4.040 codornas de corte das linhagens UFV-1 e UFV-2. O peso corporal nas duas linhagens foi avaliado aos 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias de idade. Ordens de ajuste das funções contínuas foram gradualmente aumentadas (ordens variando de 3 a 6) para determinação da ordem mínima necessária para descrever as estruturas de covariância em função do tempo nos modelos de regressão aleatória. A função polinomial de Legendre com as ordens 6 para efeito genético aditivo direto e 5 para efeito permanente de animal, para a linhagem UFV-1, e 6 para ambos efeitos aleatórios, para a linhagem UFV-2, deve ser utilizada na avaliação genética da curva de crescimento de codornas de corte em estudo. As herdabilidades estimadas indicam que ganhos genéticos podem ser obtidos como resposta à seleção para peso corporal nas duas linhagens.Palavras-chave: componente de variância, herdabilidade, polinômio de Legendre Random regression models for description of growth curve of meat quailsABSTRACT -The objective of this paper was to compare different random regression models adjusted through Legendre polynomial functions of different orders to evaluate the one best adjusted to the genetic study of the meat quail growth curve. The data used in this study were from 26,835 and 27,447 observations from 3,909 and 4,040 meat quails of the UFV-1 and UFV-2 strain, respectively. The body weight of the two strain was evaluated on 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. The orders of adjustment of the continuous functions were gradually increased (orders varying from 3 to 6), to determine the least necessary order to describe structure of covariance in function of time in the random regression models.Legendre polynomial functions of the 6 th order for direct additive genetic effect and 5 th order for permanent effect, for strain UFV-1 and 6 for both random effects for strain UFV-2 should be used in the genetic evaluation of the quail meat growth curve in study. The estimated heritability indicates which genetic traits can be obtained as a response to the physical body weight selection in two strain.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of different percentages of urea or calcium oxide (CaO) on the fermentative characteristics and chemical composition of the by-product of sweet corn silage, without whole kernel corn. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with two additives (CaO or urea) and five inclusion levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% in natural matter of by-product of sweet corn silage). There was interaction between the type of additives and addition levels (CaO or urea) for pH values (P < 0.05). The mean pH values ranged from 3.40 to 5.36 in the additive silage. For effluent production, the additive type interaction and addition levels were significant (P < 0.05). The addition of CaO independent of the level used was not effective in reducing dry matter (DM) losses during ensilage. The total losses of DM presented a significant increase with the levels of addition of CaO, varying from 91 to 177% in relation to the control silage. The addition of urea to all levels had a satisfactory effect on the total loss of DM, ranging from 38 to 69% improvement in the reduction in relation to the control silage. The additive CaO was not efficient in reducing the fermentation losses and preserving the silage. However, urea was efficient in the recovery of DM in the ensilage process.

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