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The lipopeptides of Bacillus are small metabolites that contain a cyclic structure formed by 7-10 amino acids (including 2-4 D-amino acids) and a beta-hydroxy fatty acid with 13-19 C atoms. These lipopeptides exhibit a variety of biological activities, including interactions with biofilms, and anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-virus, and anti-platelet properties. The multiple activities of lipopeptides have stimulated significant interest in the exploitation of these lipopeptides for use as antibiotics, feed additives, anti-tumor agents, urgent thrombolytic therapeutic agents, and drug delivery systems. Understanding the natural function of these structurally diverse lipopeptides in Bacillus provides insight into microbial regulatory programs and is required for efficient development of more effective products. Currently, there is still insufficient knowledge of the direct target of these lipopeptides, and continued efforts are needed to enhance their biosynthesis efficiency for industrial applications.

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AgNPs have great potential in the medical and food industries, due to their antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-HIV, and catalytic activities. However, the observed in vitro and in vivo toxicity poses considerable challenges in the synthesis and application of AgNPs.

These results directly document that the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 released from the gut increase after an ischemic or I/R injury, such as SMAO, and that there is a relation between the magnitude of the gut ischemic or I/R insult and the cytokine response.

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The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has affected more than 160 million of individuals and caused millions of deaths worldwide at least in part due to the unclarified pathophysiology of this disease. Therefore, identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 is critical to overcome this pandemic. Metabolites mirror the disease progression of an individual by acquiring extensive insights into the pathophysiological significance during disease progression. We provide a comprehensive view of metabolic characterization of sera from COVID-19 patients at all stages using untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis. As compared with the healthy controls, we observed different alteration patterns of circulating metabolites from the mild, severe and recovery stages, in both discovery cohort and validation cohort, which suggest that metabolic reprogramming of glucose metabolism and urea cycle are potential pathological mechanisms for COVID-19 progression. Our findings suggest that targeting glucose metabolism and urea cycle may be a viable approach to fight against COVID-19 at various stages along the disease course.