Bullying merupakan perilaku agresif di sengaja dengan tujuan untuk memberikan gangguan fisik maupun psikologis pada orang lain. Fenomena bullying yang terjadi di berbagai belahan dunia dapat menimbulkan berbagai efek negatif, baik bagi korban maupun bagi pelaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian literatur mengenai fakor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku bullying. Penelusuran dilakukan di database elektronik seperti Proquest, Science Direct, Scopus dan Google Schoolar dengan menggunakan kata kunci "bullying" dengan tahun terbit artikel antara tahun 2014 sampai 2019. Hasil review literatur menunjukan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilkau bullying yaitu kepribadian, keluarga, adverse children experience dan lingkungan sekolah. Penelitian mengenai bullying mayoritas di lakukan pada remaja dengan ruang lingkup penelitian di sekolah. Skala penelitian yang digunakan di dasarkan pada bentuk-bentuk penelitian yang disusun oleh Olweous.
<span lang="EN-US">The purpose of this study was to analyze the model of the influence of authoritarian parenting, extraversion personality, and conformity to bullying in students. The population in this study were all students of grade eight of X, Y, Z state middle school in Yogyakarta, consisting of 524 students. The sample in this study was 185 students. The sampling technique used in this study was cluster random sampling. T<span>he data were collected with the scales which were developed for each variable studied. Data analysis was performed by testing the outer and inner models using structural equation model (SEM) through the Smart Partial Least Square 3.2.8 program. The </span>results of this study were the formation of the model of the influence of authoritarian parenting, extraversion personality, and conformity to bullying that was found to be fit with empirical data. Overall, the findings suggested that all variables under investigation (authoritarian parenting, extraversion personality, and conformity) had positive and a very significant influence on bullying. This model can be used as a valid reference in developing bullying variables.</span>
The spread of Covid-19 has various negative effects on mental health. One of the protective factors for decreased mental health is resilience. This literature review aims to apprehend the theoretical model of the factors that influence resilience. The results of this study indicate that resilience might be molded by religiosity, social support and spirituality. Religiosity, social support and spirituality might help one to increase the level of resilience, which might in turn be a protective factor for decreasing mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Parenting is classified into several types, one of which is authoritarian parenting. Verbal hostility, corporal punishment, nonreasoning / punitive strategies, and directiveness are characteristics of this parenting style. The construct validity and construct reliability of the authoritarian parenting scale, as well as the characteristics and indicators that reflect authoritarian parenting, are being investigated. This study included all students in class VIII at Yogyakarta’s state junior high schools X, Y, and Z, which totaled 524 students. This study’s sample size was 185 students. The sampling technique employs cluster random sampling. Data is gathered using an authoritarian parenting scale. The research instruments are distributed directly to the subject. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the research data in the SmartPLS 3.2.8 program. The data analysis results of this study show that the characteristics and indicators that reflect authoritarian parenting are valid and reliable. The most dominant aspect that reflects authoritarian parenting is corporal punishment, while directiveness is the weakest aspect that reflects authoritarian parenting. As a result, because the theory describing the construct of authoritarian parenting corresponds to empirical data obtained from the subject, the measurement model can be accepted.
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