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Impulsivity has been defined as choosing the smaller more immediate reward over a larger more delayed reward. The purpose of this research was to gain a deeper understanding of the mental processes involved in the decision making. We examined participants’ rates of delay discounting and probability discounting to determine their correlation with time-probability trade-offs. To establish the time-probability trade-off rate, participants adjusted a risky, immediate payoff to a delayed, certain payoff. In effect, this yielded a probability equivalent of waiting time. We found a strong, positive correlation between delay discount rates and the time-probability trade-offs. This means that impulsive people have a compulsion for immediate gratification, independent of whether the immediate reward is certain or uncertain. Thus, they seem not to be concerned with risk but rather with time.

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It is often a good strategy to “stand in the other person’s shoes” to see a situation from a different perspective. People frequently attempt to infer what someone else would recommend when no advisor is available to help with a decision. Such situations commonly concern intertemporal or risky choices, and the usual assumption is that lay people make such decisions differently than experts do. The aim of our study was to determine what intertemporal and risky decisions people make when they take their own perspective, the perspective of a peer, and the perspectives of an expert or an entrepreneur. In a series of three experiments using a between-subject design, we found that taking the peer’s perspective made participants behave more impulsively and more risk aversely in relation to the participants’ own perspectives and in relation to their perceptions of experts and entrepreneurs perspectives. Taking an expert’s or an entrepreneur’s perspective did not change participants’ own intertemporal and risky decisions. We explain the findings using the risk as value and the lesser mind theories. Imagining the opponent’s perspective in a negotiation as one is advised to do might inadvertently lead to problems because we always see her as more impulsive and more risk averse than she really is. This means that taking a perspective of an expert – not a peer – would be a good way to predict what decisions our opponents make.

Hotz ats Roh-und Werkstoff 55 (]997) 395-398 :D Springer-Verlag 1997 theoretical temperature heatingThe paper presents a comparison of experimental and theoretical distribution of temperature in wood during microwave heating. Spruce samples were exposed to microwave radiation of 2.45 GHz frequency in a rectangular chamber. The temperature distribution on a cross section of the sample was determined several times per minute while the microwave energy was off. The more the water contained in the wood sample, the slower the rise of the temperature inside it. A theoretical temperature distribution was obtained based on the solution of Fourier's equation for the heat transfer. Experimental temperature distributions are in accordance with the theoretical ones. Vergleich der experimente//en und theoretischen Temperaturteilung beim Mikrowellentrocknen von HolzDer Artikel entMlt einen Vergleich der experimentellen und theoretischen Temperaturverteilung bei der Mikrowellenerhitzung yon Holz. Fichtenholzbohlen waren in der Mikrowellenkammer Wellen mit der Frequenz 2.45 GHz ausgesetzt. Die Temperatur wurde etwa alle 60 Sekunden in den Erhitzungspausen auf der ganzen Dicke gemessen. Je feuchter die Probe war, umso langsamer stieg die Temperatur in ihrem Innern an. Die theoretische Temperaturverteilung wurde in Anlehnung an die Gleichung f/Jr W~irmetransport yon Fourier bestimmt. Die experimentelle Temperaturverteilung zeigt grofie Ubereinstimmung mit der theoretisch vorhergesehenen Verteilung. IntroduaionThe theory of microwave heating has been developed for several years. Stuchly (1972) and Chen (1995) analysed the interaction of the thermal, mechanical and electromagnetic parameters of the body and the heating process. Chen additionally introduced several fundamental physical models for dielectrically-enhanced drying. Stuchly (1972) and Chen (1995) did not, however, analyse the temperature distribution during the microwave heating process. This paper presents a comparison between the experimentally determined temperature distribution and a theoretical one. In conventional drying methods, heat penetrates the material through its surface and diffuses inside. In the case of microwave heating the energy is