Physiomodel (http://www.physiomodel.org) is our reimplementation and extension of an integrative physiological model called HumMod 1.6 (http://www.hummod.org) using our Physiolibrary (http://www.physiolibrary.org). The computer language Modelica is well-suited to exactly formalize integrative physiology. Modelica is an equation-based, and object-oriented language for hybrid ordinary differential equations (http:// www.modelica.org). Almost every physiological term can be defined as a class in this language and can be instantiated as many times as it occurs in the body. Each class has a graphical icon for use in diagrams. These diagrams are self-describing; the Modelica code generated from them is the full representation of the underlying mathematical model. Special Modelica constructs of physical connectors from Physiolibrary allow us to create diagrams that are analogies of electrical circuits with Kirchhoff's laws. As electric currents and electric potentials are connected in electrical domain, so are molar flows and concentrations in the chemical domain; volumetric flows and pressures in the hydraulic domain; flows of heat energy and temperatures in the thermal domain; and changes and amounts of members in the population domain.
Physiolibrary is a free open-source Modelica library designed for modeling human physiology. It is accessible on the Modelica Libraries web page at https://www.modelica.org/libraries. This library contains basic physical laws governing human physiology, usable for cardiovascular circulation, metabolic processes, nutrient distribution, thermoregulation, gases transport, electrolyte regulation, water distribution, hormonal regulation and pharmacological regulation.
Hotz ats Roh-und Werkstoff 55 (]997) 395-398 :D Springer-Verlag 1997 theoretical temperature heatingThe paper presents a comparison of experimental and theoretical distribution of temperature in wood during microwave heating. Spruce samples were exposed to microwave radiation of 2.45 GHz frequency in a rectangular chamber. The temperature distribution on a cross section of the sample was determined several times per minute while the microwave energy was off. The more the water contained in the wood sample, the slower the rise of the temperature inside it. A theoretical temperature distribution was obtained based on the solution of Fourier's equation for the heat transfer. Experimental temperature distributions are in accordance with the theoretical ones. Vergleich der experimente//en und theoretischen Temperaturteilung beim Mikrowellentrocknen von HolzDer Artikel entMlt einen Vergleich der experimentellen und theoretischen Temperaturverteilung bei der Mikrowellenerhitzung yon Holz. Fichtenholzbohlen waren in der Mikrowellenkammer Wellen mit der Frequenz 2.45 GHz ausgesetzt. Die Temperatur wurde etwa alle 60 Sekunden in den Erhitzungspausen auf der ganzen Dicke gemessen. Je feuchter die Probe war, umso langsamer stieg die Temperatur in ihrem Innern an. Die theoretische Temperaturverteilung wurde in Anlehnung an die Gleichung f/Jr W~irmetransport yon Fourier bestimmt. Die experimentelle Temperaturverteilung zeigt grofie Ubereinstimmung mit der theoretisch vorhergesehenen Verteilung. IntroduaionThe theory of microwave heating has been developed for several years. Stuchly (1972) and Chen (1995) analysed the interaction of the thermal, mechanical and electromagnetic parameters of the body and the heating process. Chen additionally introduced several fundamental physical models for dielectrically-enhanced drying. Stuchly (1972) and Chen (1995) did not, however, analyse the temperature distribution during the microwave heating process. This paper presents a comparison between the experimentally determined temperature distribution and a theoretical one. In conventional drying methods, heat penetrates the material through its surface and diffuses inside. In the case of microwave heating the energy is
As has been known for over a century, oxygen binding onto hemoglobin is influenced by the activity of hydrogen ions (H⁺), as well as the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂). As is also known, the binding of both CO₂and H⁺ on terminal valine-1 residues is competitive. One-parametric situations of these hemoglobin equilibria at specific levels of H⁺, O₂or CO₂are also well described. However, we think interpolating or extrapolating this knowledge into an 'empirical' function of three independent variables has not yet been completely satisfactory. We present a model that integrates three orthogonal views of hemoglobin oxygenation, titration, and carbamination at different temperatures. The model is based only on chemical principles, Adair's oxygenation steps and Van't Hoff equation of temperature dependences. Our model fits the measurements of the Haldane coefficient and CO₂hemoglobin saturation. It also fits the oxygen dissociation curve influenced by simultaneous changes in H⁺, CO₂and O₂, which makes it a strong candidate for integration into more complex models of blood acid-base with gas transport, where any combination of mentioned substances can appear.
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