This paper shows a piezoelectric response from an innovative sensor obtained by casting epoxy-SbSI (antimony sulfoiodide) nanowires nanocomposite to a grid structure printed using a fuse deposition modeling (FDM) method. The grid is shown to be a support structure for the nanocomposite. The applied design approach prospectively enables the formation of sensors with a wide spectrum of shapes and a wide applicability. The voltage signal obtained as a result of the piezoelectric effect reached 1.5V and 0.5V under a maximum static stress of 8.5 MPa and under a maximum dynamic stress of 22.3 kPa, respectively. These values are sufficient for potential application in sensor systems. The effect of a systematic increase in the voltage signal with subsequent cycles was also observed, which similarly allows the use of these sensors in monitoring systems for structures exposed to unfavorable cyclical loads. The obtained results also show that the piezoelectric signal improves with increase in strain rate.
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites reinforced with finely powdered waste glass were identified as a potential material for 3D printed structures for use in low-duty frictional applications. A recently published 3D printing model was used to calculate the limits in the filament feed rate and printing speed. Tribological tests (pin-on-disc method) of the printed composites were performed for different print-path directions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed on the samples and the composites showed a higher crystallinity compared with LDPE, which partially explains the higher elastic modulus of the composites determined during static tensile tests. Using a fine glass powder as reinforcement improved the wear resistance of LDPE by 50% due to the formation of a sliding film on the sample’s surface. An evident effect of friction direction vs. the printed path direction on wear was found; which was likely related to differences in the removal of friction products from the friction area for different print-path directions. The LDPE composites with fine waste glass particles are promising materials for low-duty frictional applications and should be the subject of further research.
In this paper, we investigated theimpact of glassy carbon (GC) reinforcement oncrystal structure and the mechanical performance of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). We made composite samples by mixing HDPE granules with powder in ethanol followed bymelt mixing in a laboratory extruder. Along with the investigated composite, we also prepared samples with carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene (GNP) and graphite (Gr) to compare GC impact with already used carbon fillers. To evaluate crystal structure and crystallinity, we used X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We supported the XRD results with a residual stress analysis (RSA) according to the EN15305 standard. Analysis showed that reinforcing with GC leads to significant crystallite size reduction and low residual stress values. We evaluated the mechanical properties of composites with hardness and tensile testing. The addition of glassy carbon results inincreased mechanical strength incomposites with CNT and GNP.
In this study, the influence of different carbon fillers on the tribological and manufacturing properties of the thermoplastic polyamide PA6 is presented. The following materials were used as carbon additives: glassy carbon (GC), carbon obtained from the pyrolysis of polymer wastes (BC), and graphene oxide (GO). Fillers were introduced into the PA6 matrix by mechanical stirring in alcohol to settle carbon particles onto the granule surface. Samples were made by injection molding from the produced granules. The microstructure, hardness, and melt flow index (MFI) of the prepared materials were determined. Also, the degree of crystallinity of the samples was examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The melting point (Tm) was examined using DSC, the results from which allowed the correct heat treatment of PA6 to increase the crystallinity of the obtained material to be selected. The dry sliding tribological behavior of the composites was evaluated via pin-on-block tests against cast iron counterparts. The tests were performed at room temperature, with a sliding speed 0.1 m/s, a sliding distance of 250 m, and a normal force of 40 N. The obtained results revealed that the introduction of GO into the PA6 matrix provides favorable wear behavior, such as the formation of debris that acts as rollers that give a decrease in wear and a lower coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction in samples with graphene oxide was nearly two times lower than with other samples. However, the ease of manufacture of this material was drastically reduced compared to GC or BC fillers. Microstructural investigations of wear tracks revealed poor adhesion between the polymer matrix and micrograins of carbon fillers (GC and BC), and therefore their influence on tribological properties was less compared to graphene oxide.
The article discusses the influence of the post-process on the mechanical properties of elements produced with the use of the mask stereolithography (mSLA) method. Printed samples were subjected to the following post-process steps: Washing and post-curing, at various times. Then, static tensile and static bending tests were carried out, as well as Shore D hardness measurements for the inner and surface part of the sample, as well as profilographometric analysis of the surface. The post-curing time has been found to strongly affect the tensile and bending strength of printouts, and to improve their surface quality. Washing has an ambiguous effect on the strength of the printouts, but, in the end, it was found that extended washing slightly reduces the strength. Washing significantly affects the quality of the printout surface. A washing time that is too short results in a surface that strongly resembles the printing process, with high roughness. Increasing the washing time to 10 min lowers the roughness by one order of magnitude. Post-curing has also been shown to be beneficial for the cured sample with the application of shielding water. This approach results in an improvement in the flexural strength of the printouts. In general, the obtained research results indicate that, for printouts with cross-sectional dimensions of several mm, the optimal washing time is no more than 10 min and the post-curing time is at least 30 min.
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