the paper showed the variation of water quality parameters by time. The concentration of total suspended sediment, chlorophyll-a, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic phosphorus and ratio of N:P changed significantly by season. The results of assessing water quality by UNTRIX (integrated concentration of Chlorophyll-a, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic phosphorus and level of saturated oxygen) indicated the quality levels were increased

Tropical depressions/cyclones are natural phenomena which might impact negatively on human beings and the environment. Like other natural hazards, they sometimes can cause severe damage to the economy, infrastructure and community so that the benefits that come along with such hazards have almost been neglected. On the land, rainfall during and after the tropical cyclones has significantly decreased drought conditions in some semi-arid and arid areas. In the case of Ninh Thuan Province, tropical depression/cyclones could cause the flooding in the area where it is passed, but the weak tropical depression/cyclones can help to increase 0.5 -12.39

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Forward osmotic (FO) membrane is a new process for producing fresh water from salt water. The study of draw solute is essential in the development and application of FO technology; draw solution should be good at drawing water and easy at recovery. In this paper, three complex draw solutes such as ammonium iron (II) sulfate, ammonium iron (III) sulfate and ammonium iron (III) citrate with different concentrations were studied. The physical properties such as pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) have simultaneously been investigated. The pH of most ammonium complexes was decreased whereas TDS increased with increasing of draw solution concentrations. We found that high water flux of these iron complexes was reported in the range of 8.88-11.24 LMH which was higher than the ammonium bicarbonate draw solution. In addition, more than 90% iron complexes draw solutions were recovered by NF-90 membrane, which plays an important role in the FO process to produce fresh water. This study provides direct evidence for the ability of permeate water from feed solution to draw solution, which shows the potential applications of iron complexes in FO process to produce fresh water from sea-, brackish or river water.

The spike protein (S) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), in particular, the C-terminal domain of the S1 subunit (S1-CTD), which contains the conserved CO­26K-equivalent (COE) region (aa 499–638), which is recognized by neutralizing antibodies, exhibits a high degree of genetic and antigenic diversity. We analyzed 61 PEDV S1-CTD sequences (630 nt), including 26 from samples collected from seven provinces in northern Vietnam from 2018 to 2019 and 35 other sequences, representing the G1a and 1b, G2a and 2b, and recombinant (G1c) genotypes and vaccines. The majority (73.1%) of the strains (19/26) belonged to subgroup G2b. In a phylogenetic analysis, seven strains were clustered into an independent, distinct subgenogroup named dsG with strong nodal support (98%), separate from both G1a and G1b as well as G2a, 2b, and G1c. Sequence analysis revealed distinct changes (513 T>S , 520 G>D , 527 V>(L/M) , 591 L>F , 669 A>(S/P) , and 691 V>I ) in the COE and S1 D regions that were only identified in these Vietnamese strains. This cluster is a new antigenic variant subgroup, and further studies are required to investigate the antigenicity of these variants. The results of this study demonstrated the continuous evolution in the S1 region of Vietnamese PEDV strains, which emphasizes the need for frequent updates of vaccines for effective protection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00705-022-05580-x.

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