Background Growing evidence suggests that excess manganese (Mn) in children is associated with neurobehavioral impairments. In Brazil, elevated hair Mn concentrations were reported in children living near a ferro-manganese alloy plant. Objectives We investigated these children’s and caregivers’ cognitive function in relation to bioindicators of Mn exposure. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the WISC-III was administered to 83 children aged between 6 and 12 years; the Raven Progressive Matrix was administered to the primary caregivers (94% mothers), who likewise responded to a questionnaire on socio demographics and birth history. Mn in hair (MnH) and blood (MnB) and blood lead (PbB) were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Results Children’s mean MnB and MnH were 8.2 µg/L (2.7 – 23.4) and 5.83 µg/g (0.1 −86.68), respectively. Mean maternal MnH was 3.50 µg/g (0.10 – 77.45) and correlated to children’s MnH (rho=0.294, p=0.010). Children’s MnH was negatively related to Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Verbal IQ; β coefficients for MnH were −5.78 (95% CI −10.71 to −0.21) and −6.72 (−11.81 to −0.63), adjusted for maternal education and nutritional status. Maternal MnH was negatively associated with performance on the Raven’s (β = −2.69, 95% CI −5.43 to 0.05), adjusted for education years, family income and age. Conclusions These findings confirm that high MnH in children is associated with poorer cognitive performance, especially in the verbal domain. Primary caregiver’s IQ is likewise associated to Mn exposure, suggesting that, in this situation, children’s cognition may be affected directly and indirectly by Mn exposure.

O impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde humana é um problema que tem merecido atenção da comunidade científica em todo o mundo, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento. O consumo de agrotóxicos na região sudeste do Brasil está estimado em 12kg de agrotóxico/trabalhador/ano. Em algumas áreas agrícolas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, como na região da Microbacia do Córrego de São Lourenço, Nova Friburgo, o consumo de agrotóxico foi estimado em 56kg de agrotóxico/trabalhador/ano. Elevados níveis de contaminação humana e ambiental foram encontrados nesta região, como decorrência do uso extensivo destes agentes químicos. A avaliação do impacto sobre a saúde humana implica o conhecimento e a visualização da importância/magnitude relativa de cada uma das vias de contaminação. Inúmeros fatores, que, em geral, encontram-se inter-relacionados, contribuem para a situação encontrada na Microbacia do Córrego de São Lourenço e a forma mais adequada de se avaliar toda a dimensão deste problema é o uso de uma abordagem integrada.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, but an effective toxic at high concentrations. While there is an extensive literature on occupational exposure, few studies have examined adults and children living near important sources of airborne Mn. The objective of this study was to analyze hair Mn of children living in the vicinity of a ferro-manganese alloy production plant in the Great Salvador region, State of Bahia, Brazil and examine factors that influence this bioindicator of exposure. We examined 109 children in the age range of 1 to 10 years, living near the plant. Four separate housing areas were identified a priori on the bases of proximity to the emission sources and downwind location. A non-exposed group (n=43) of similar socioeconomic status was also evaluated. Mn hair (MnH) concentration was measured by graphite atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Possible confounding hematological parameters were also assessed. Mean MnH concentration was 15.20 μg/g (1.10–95.50 μg/g) for the exposed children and 1.37 μg/g (0.39–5.58 μg/g) for the non-exposed. For the former, MnH concentrations were 7.95±1.40 μg/g (farthest from the plant), 11.81±1.11 μg/g (mid-region), 34.43±8.66 μg/g (closest to the plant) and 34.22±9.15 μg/g (directly downwind). Multiple regression analysis on log transformed MnH concentrations for the exposed children derived a model that explained 36.8% of the variability. In order of importance, area of children’s residence, gender (girls > boys) and time of mother’s residence in the area at the birth of the child, were significantly associated with MnH. Post hoc analyses indicated 2 groupings for exposure areas, with those living closest to and downwind of the plant displaying higher MnH concentrations compared to the others. The contribution of the time the mother lived in the community prior to the child’s birth to the children’s current MnH suggests that in utero exposure may play a role. A study of neurobehavioral performance with respect to Mn exposure in these children is currently underway.

The limitations of the existing studies are numerous: most were cross-sectional, had a modest sample size, and lacked adjustment for important confounders. Future investigations should be performed on a larger sample size and include a more detailed exposure assessment, addressing multiple sources of exposure such as food, water, and airborne particulates.

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ResumoObjetivo A elevada utilização de agrotóxicos, sem os cuidados necessários, tem contribuído para a degradação ambiental e o aumento das intoxicações ocupacionais, sendo um dos principais problemas de saúde pública no meio rural brasileiro. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a exposição de um grupo de trabalhadores da área rural do Estado do Rio de Janeiro a agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos, através das atividades da acetilcolinesterase eritrocitária (AChE) e da butirilcolinesterase plasmática (BChE), e o impacto de alguns indicadores socioeconômicos e de utilização de agrotóxicos sobre a contaminação humana. Métodos Para a avaliação da exposição de 300 agricultores residentes em cinco comunidades do distrito de Magé, RJ, uma amostra aleatória de 55 trabalhadores foi selecionada e determinadas as atividades individuais de acetilcolinesterase eritrocitártia (AChE) e butirilcolinesterase plasmática (BChE). As atividades enzimáticas foram avaliadas segundo o método de Ellman modificado por Oliveira-Silva. Dados socioeconômicos e de utilização de agrotóxicos para cada trabalhador da amostra foram obtidos em entrevista estruturada. O possível papel dos indicadores socioeconômicos e de uso de agrotóxicos sobre o nível de contaminação dos trabalhadores foi estimado por análise de regressão linear múltipla, utilizando-se a atividade enzimática como variável dependente e os indicadores socioeconômicos e de uso de agrotóxicos como variáveis independentes. Resultados e ConclusõesOs dados obtidos mostraram resultados distintos em relação à incidência da exposição excessiva, de acordo com o indicador enzimático utilizado. No grupo de trabalhadores, 3,6% (2) foram identificados pelos resultados de BChE e 41,8% (23) pela AChE, sendo considerados intoxicados indivíduos com pelo menos um dos indicadores positivos. A avaliação desses dados frente aos indicadores socioeconômicos e de utilização de agrotóxicos, destaca a importância do nível de escolaridade sobre a prevalência das intoxicações. Para os demais determinantes estudados, nenhuma correlação significativa foi tão evidente. Descritores

Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and an important industrial chemical present in both gasoline and motor vehicle emissions. Occupational human exposure to benzene occurs in the petrochemical and petroleum refining industries as well as in gas-station workers, where it can lead to benzene poisoning (BP), but the mechanisms of BP are not completely understood. In Brazil, a significant number of gas-station service workers are employed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate alterations related to BP and metabolic polymorphisms in gas-station service workers exposed to benzene in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Occupational exposure was based on clinical findings related to BP, and metabolic polymorphisms in 114 Brazilian gas-station attendants. These workers were divided into No Clinical Findings (NCF) and Clinical Findings (CF) groups. Neutrophil and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) showed a significant difference between the two study groups, and neutrophil has the greatest impact on the alterations suggestive of BP. The clinical findings revealed higher frequencies of symptoms in the CF group, although not all members presented statistical significance. The frequencies of alleles related to risk were higher in the CF group for GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP2E1 7632T > A, but lower for NQO1 and CYP2E1 1053C > T genotypes. Moreover, an association was found between GSTM1 null and alterations related to BP, but we did not observe any effects of other polymorphisms. Variations in benzene metabolizing genes may modify benzene toxicity and should be taken into consideration during risk assessment evaluations.

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