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The crest elevation of mound breakwaters is usually designed considering a tolerable mean wave overtopping discharge. However, pedestrian safety, characterized by the overtopping layer thickness (OLT) and the overtopping flow velocity (OFV), is becoming more relevant due to the reduction of the crest freeboards of coastal structures. Studies in the literature focusing on OLT and OFV do not consider the bottom slope effect, even if it has a remarkable impact on mound breakwater design under depth-limited breaking wave conditions. Therefore, this research focuses on the influence of the bottom slope on OLT and OFV exceeded by 2% of incoming waves, hc,2% and uc,2%. A total of 235 2D physical tests were conducted on conventional mound breakwaters with a single-layer Cubipod® and double-layer rock and cube armors with 2% and 4% bottom slopes. Neural networks were used to determine the optimum point to estimate wave characteristics for hc,2% and uc,2% calculation; that point was located at a distance from the model toe of three times the water depth at the toe (hs) of the structure. The influence of the bottom slope is studied using trained neural networks with fixed wave conditions in the wave generation zone; hc,2% slightly decreases and uc,2% increases as the gradient of the bottom slope increases.

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Rubble mound breakwaters usually present a crest wall to increase the crest freeboards without a large increase of the consumption of material. Methods in the literature to design crest walls are based on estimates of the wave loads. These methods are focused on the maximum loading that attacks a single position of the crest wall. In practice, crest walls have a finite length. Since the maximum loading does not occur at the same instant over the entire length of the crest wall for oblique waves, these methods overestimate the loading in the situation of oblique waves. Wave loads under oblique wave attack have been measured in physical model tests. A method to account for the effect of the finite length of crest walls has been developed, and design guidelines have been derived. The results of this study in combination with the existing methods in the literature to estimate the wave forces enable a more advanced design of crest walls.