Armor layers of mound breakwaters are usually designed with empirical formulas based on small-scale tests in non-breaking wave conditions. However, most rubble mound breakwaters are constructed in the depth-induced breaking zone, where they must withstand design storms having some percentage of large waves breaking before reaching the structure; in these cases, the design formulas for non-breaking wave conditions are not fully valid. To characterize double-layer rock armor damage in breaking wave conditions, 2D physical model tests were carried out with a bottom slope m=1/50. In order to develop a simple method to determine the wave parameters in the depth-induced breaking zone, experimental wave measurements were compared to the numerical estimations given by the SwanOne model. An analysis was conducted to select the best characteristic wave height to estimate rock armor damage when dealing with depth-induced breaking waves; the spectral significant wave height, H m0 , estimated at a distance of 3h s seaward from the structure toe, was found to be the most adequate. 2 A new hydraulic stability formula is proposed for double-layer rock armors in breaking wave conditions, considering the observed potential 6-power relationship between the equivalent dimensionless armor damage and the H m0 at 3h s seaward distance from the structure toe.
distribution, utility function, number of overtopping waves -New 2-parameter Weibull and Exponential distributions are proposed with unbiased estimations of Vmax* with rMSE=10.4% and 10.6%, respectively.-Using the quadratic utility function and the estimated q and Now, Vmax* was estimated by the Weibull and Exponential distributions with rMSE=31.6% and 33.3%, respectively.
The handling procedure and placement grid of concrete armor units (CAUs) are the key construction factors of armor layers. This paper analyzes conventional cube and Cubipod CAUs which are handled by pressure clamps and placed randomly. Two methodologies for small-scale blind construction of armor layers in laboratories are compared using a Cartesian system and crawler cranes. Model construction by hand in laboratories is usually done in excellent conditions contrary to actual construction at prototype scale which is blind underwater and is influenced by wind, waves and equipment constraints. For randomly placed CAUs, the layer coefficient is an unnecessary and subjective concept which should be disregarded to prevent misunderstandings when considering armor porosity. For a given CAU, the placement grid affects armor porosity which is directly related to armor hydraulic stability. Crawler cranes can only place CAUs in a narrow armor porosity band; therefore, porosity of small scale armor models constructed by hand must be selected within that viable porosity band to avoid uncontrolled model effects. Armor layers of conventional cubes placed randomly by hand are not realistic if porosity is p%<35% and have more hydraulic stability than the higher porosity armors which can actually be constructed with crawler cranes.
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