Goat farming in Pakistan depends on indigenous breeds that have adapted to specific agro-ecological conditions. Pakistan has a rich resource of goat breeds, and the genetic diversity of these goat breeds is largely unknown. In this study, genetic diversity and population structure were characterized from seven indigenous goat breeds using the goat 50K SNP chip. The genetic diversity analysis showed that Bugi toori goats have the highest inbreeding level, consistent with the highest linkage disequilibrium, lowest diversity and long run of heterozygosity segments. This indicates that this breed should be prioritized in future conservation activities. The population structure analysis revealed four fairly distinct clusters (including Bugi toori, Bari, Black Tapri and some Kamori) and three other breeds that are seemingly the results of admixture between these or related groups (some Kamori, Pateri, Tapri and White Tapri). The selection signatures were evaluated in each breed. A total of 2508 putative selection signals were reported. The 26 significant windows were identified in more than four breeds, and selection signatures spanned several genes that directly or indirectly influence traits included coat colour variation (KIT), reproduction (BMPR1B, GNRHR, INSL6, JAK2 and EGR4), body size (SOCS2), ear size (MSRB3) and milk composition (ABCG2, SPP1, CSN1S2, CSN2, CSN3 and PROLACTIN).

Women and children with their families' cattle in Gredaya, Chad. Anthrax poses a perenial problem for pastoral peoples. Start of a brucellosis screening session in a pastoral area of the United Republic of Tanzania.

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The pathogen may shed through many ways as in saliva,

In the present study 200 milk samples (50 each from cow, buffalo, market and mastitic milk) were collected from Hyderabad. Among the isolated presumptive Listeria spp., all the isolates were identified as Listeria monocytogenes and showed a prevalence of 6, 8, 10 and 12%, respectively. Through serotyping analysis all isolates were confirmed as Listeria genus, since they agglutinated with polyvalent 'O' serum; 12 of the 18 L. monocytogenes isolates were ascribed to serotype 1, and 6 to serotype 4. Furthermore, the pathogenicity was investigated in rabbit and mice through Anton and inoculation tests, respectively. The organism produces keratoconjunctivitis in rabbit while it causes death and presence of necrotic foci in liver, spleen and kidneys of mice. Listeria monocytogenes was found sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and kanamycin.

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| Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) is a spore-forming bacteria that causes anthrax in animals, including small ruminants. The present study, for the first time investigated the B. anthracis spores contamination in small ruminant's wool/hair in district Tharparkar, Pakistan. Randomly selected sheep and goats (n=40 each) were used for sample collection from different body parts i.e., abdomen, neck + face, fore limbs and hind limbs. Overall results showed that 28% samples were contaminated with anthrax spores. A moderately high (P > 0.05) incidence of anthrax spores was observed in samples collected from abdomen (35%), followed by neck + face (30%), fore limbs (25%) and hind limbs (20%) respectively. Sheep wool (30%) has a higher contamination level (P < 0.05) than goat hair (25%). In sheep, the highest prevalence was observed in 2 years of age group i.e., 4/8 (50%), whereas, 3/8 (37.5%), 3/12 (25%) and 2/12 (16.6%) samples were positive in age groups of 2 ½, 3 and 4 years respectively. However, in goats the prevalence was recorded as 6/12 (50%), 3/12 (25%) and 1/8 (12.5%) in age groups of 2, 2 ½ and 3 years respectively, whereas, anthrax spores were not found in goats of 4 years age-group. These results indicated that wool/hair of small ruminants harbor B. anthracis spores. Moreover, sheep wool harbored relatively higher spore numbers as compared to goat hair.

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