| Escherichia coli is one of the common microbial flora of poultry gut. Most of E. coli isolates are nonpathogenic but are considered to be an indicator of fecal contamination in food industry. A study was carried-out on the prevalence, incidence, isolation and antibiogram of E. coli from table eggs. A total of 100 table eggs were collected from various locations of district Peshawar, Pakistan and divided into three parts viz., the egg-yolk, egg-white and eggshell. These were cultured on different media and identified organism was subjected to antibiogram study using the disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of E. coli was found as 37%. While, incidence was recorded as 15% in eggshells, 12% in egg-whites and 10% in egg-yolks. It was concluded that the table eggs were contaminated with E. coli and higher incidence of E. coli was recorded in eggshells as compared to other components of the eggs. The antibiotics ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were recorded highly active against E. coli.

| Brucellosis is a bacterial disease and is caused by genus Brucella. It is highly prevalent zoonotic disease in developing countries including Pakistan. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in sheep and humans of district Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For this purpose, one hundred blood samples from each humans and sheep (50 each from both sexes) were randomly collected at three different tehsils (Lachi, Seni Gumbat and Kohat) of district Kohat. The serum samples were tested for presence of anti-Brucella antibodies by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT). Moreover, a total of 50 milk samples were also collected from various sheep herds for subsequent conduction of milk ring test (MRT). The estimated prevalence of ovine brucellosis was 12.12%, 09% and 08.82% in Lachi, Seni Gumbat and Kohat, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 10% in the district. Whereas, SAT and RBPT demonstrated the prevalence as 7% and 6%, respectively, in humans. The results of current study validated that brucellosis was widespread in district Kohat with a relatively higher prevalence being recorded in ewes and occupationally exposed women than their male counterparts. Furthermore, the prevalence of brucellosis was significantly higher in sheep and humans of Lachi and Seni Gumbat tehsils as compared to Kohat. Results of the current study may support the health care organizers to formulate suitable control plans against Brucellosis.

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Women and children with their families' cattle in Gredaya, Chad. Anthrax poses a perenial problem for pastoral peoples. Start of a brucellosis screening session in a pastoral area of the United Republic of Tanzania.

Clostridium chauvoei is one of the deadly micro-organism that causes disease in cattle and sheep. We tested Clostridium chauvoei on different culture media, physio-biochemical agents and antibiotics. The best grwoth of organism was observed on blood and nutrient agar at pH 7.2-7.5, and temperature in between 37-40ºC. No effect of centrifugation was observed. Fourteen different antibiotics were tested against the Clostridium chauvoei. Highly effective antibiotics were chloramphenicol, tetracycline, baquiloprim/sulphadimidine, erythromycin, gentamicin, compound sulphonamides.

Staphylococcus aureus, a normal flora of human and animals is recognized as an opportunistic pathogen that cause several infections. In present study, eighty S. aureus isolates were recovered from different animals such as sheep, goat, buffalo, camel, horse, cattle, dog and human. These isolates were exposed to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test using eleven antimicrobial agents which included ampicillin (10µg), amikacin (30µg), chloramphenicol (30µg), sulfanilamide (30µg), erythromycin (15µg), gentamicin (10µg), kanamycin (30µg), neomycin (30µg), ofloxacin (5µg), penicillin G (10 IU) and tetracycline (30µg) by disc diffusion technique. Results indicated that camel isolates of S. aureus were found100% sensitive to tetracycline. While, ofloxacin and amikacin were found 100% effective against sheep and dog isolates respectively. Whereas, chloramphenicol showed 100% sensitivity against isolates of dog and horse. Ampicillin (0% sensitive to buffalo, cattle, goat, dog and horse isolates) and sulfanilamide (0% sensitive to buffalo, cattle, camel, goat and sheep isolates) showed least sensitivity as compared to other antimicrobial agents. However, poultry isolates showed least, while camel and horse isolates showed most response for the antimicrobial agents. These results indicates the host-microbe interaction and also probable role of host in progression of resistance in S. aureus against antimicrobial agents.

The presence of harmful microbes may negatively influence semen quality. Antibiotic used in the semen extender should be evaluated in order to prevent contamination and infertility. In this study, Antibiogram evaluation of Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus intermedius were detected from frozen semen of cattle. Different antibiotics such as amikacin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, gentamicin, neomycin, ofloxacin and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim were tested against the isolated bacterial species. Ofloxacin, amikacin, cephalexin and amoxicillin were highly effective against Micrococcus luteus. The organism was found equally effective to erythromycin, gentamycin and neomycin. Amikacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, neomycin and ampcillin were the most effective against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, amoxicillin, cephalexin and

| In present study, cattle and buffalo carcasses were microbiologically sampled, from slaughter house and open market to assess the hygienic practices followed in Peshawar. During sampling two different conditions were considered, one condition was hygienic and found in slaughter houses and butcher shops located in clean and covered markets where meat was displayed in covered showcase; while under un-hygienic conditions meat stalls were sampled at open streets/vegetable market where meat was kept open to dust and flies. A total of 52 meat samples, 26 each from cattle and buffaloes were collected for microbiological analysis. The higher prevalence (100%) of bacterial organisms was recorded in the meat of buffaloes. However, relatively lower prevalence (96.2%) was recorded in the meat samples of cattle. A large number of colonies (g-1 ) and the mean bacterial counts (g-1 ) were recorded in the meat samples of buffaloes. In g-1 meat sample of buffaloes, the mean number of 330 colonies was counted while quite higher number (6.6×10 8 ) of bacterial cells was also counted in the meat samples of buffaloes as well. However, comparatively lower number of mean colonies (195) and bacterial counts (3.9x10 8 ) in g-1 were detected in the meat samples of cattle. In the case of un-hygienic conditions, significantly higher population of bacterial cells (4.0×10 5 g -1 ) was recorded in buffaloes than cattle meat (3.7x10 5 g -1 ). Furthermore, in hygienic conditions, significantly higher bacterial cells (3.2×10 5 g -1 ) was counted in the meat samples of buffaloes as compared to cattle meat (3.1×10 5 /g -1 ). Irrespective of animal species, the higher prevalence of bacterial contamination was evident probably because of environmental conditions prevailing in the area. This study confirms the need for use of Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures and Good Meat Handling Practices for safe and hygiene meat production in the area.