Current study was designed to explore common poultry diseases in broiler and layer chicken at farm level in different areas of Sindh, Pakistan and to observe the growth performance of broiler supplemented with medicinal herbs. Pre-tested questionnaire was used to interview various poultry farmers and information about common health problems in broiler and layer were identified. The common diseases of broiler at farm level were E.coli (81%), IBD (69%), CRD (67%), infectious bronchitis (13%), mycotoxins (5%), salmonelosis (4%), Newcastle disease (3%) and Cocci (2%). While in layers occurrence of cholera (60%), avian influenza (45%), E.coli (12%), mycotoxins (10%), IB (8%), CRD (5%), Marek's (5%), New castle disease (4%), salmonelosis (2%) and Hydro Pericardium Syndrome (2%) were identified. Birds in group-C, D & G supplemented with Giloy/Satgullo, Tabashir & Gadamri/Imli consumed more fed (3040, 3000 & 3000g/ bird) than group-B, F & E (2980, 2948 & 2871g/ bird) fed with Aloe vera, Hing/Vaghayani & Anwara herbs and against control group-A (2770g/bird).
| Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) is a spore-forming bacteria that causes anthrax in animals, including small ruminants. The present study, for the first time investigated the B. anthracis spores contamination in small ruminant's wool/hair in district Tharparkar, Pakistan. Randomly selected sheep and goats (n=40 each) were used for sample collection from different body parts i.e., abdomen, neck + face, fore limbs and hind limbs. Overall results showed that 28% samples were contaminated with anthrax spores. A moderately high (P > 0.05) incidence of anthrax spores was observed in samples collected from abdomen (35%), followed by neck + face (30%), fore limbs (25%) and hind limbs (20%) respectively. Sheep wool (30%) has a higher contamination level (P < 0.05) than goat hair (25%). In sheep, the highest prevalence was observed in 2 years of age group i.e., 4/8 (50%), whereas, 3/8 (37.5%), 3/12 (25%) and 2/12 (16.6%) samples were positive in age groups of 2 ½, 3 and 4 years respectively. However, in goats the prevalence was recorded as 6/12 (50%), 3/12 (25%) and 1/8 (12.5%) in age groups of 2, 2 ½ and 3 years respectively, whereas, anthrax spores were not found in goats of 4 years age-group. These results indicated that wool/hair of small ruminants harbor B. anthracis spores. Moreover, sheep wool harbored relatively higher spore numbers as compared to goat hair.
The present study investigated the level of Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) spores contamination in the soil, as well as in small ruminant’s wool/hair in Tharparkar, Pakistan. A total of 160 samples, including soil (n= 80), sheep wool (n= 40) and goat hair (n= 40) were collected from different areas of Tharparkar. Results showed that almost 33.75% samples were found positive for B. anthracis spores from soil, wool and hair; among those 66.25% were from outbreak area, having significantly higher (P less than 0.001) incidence than normal areas. Moreover, the soil samples exhibited higher positive prevalence (P less than 0.001) than wool, which also had significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than hair samples. The samples taken from Mithi area exhibited higher (P less than 0.001) prevalence of B. anthracis, followed by Chachro, Diplo and Nangar Parkar (60.00, 30.00, 25.00 and 20.00%, respectively). The differences in area-wise prevalence were also significant ((P less than 0.05). The highest prevalence of B. anthracis spores was recorded in open area, followed by in earthen boundaries, and in confined houses (46.42, 30.76 and 23.00%, respectively). These results indicated that soil is a main source of B. anthracis spores, moreover, sheep wool harbor more spores than goat hair
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