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Despite a wealth of knowledge on Salmonella phages worldwide, little is known about poultry-associated Salmonella phages from Thailand. Here, we isolated 108 phages from Thai poultry farms that infect Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Phages STm101 and STm118 were identified as temperate Siphoviridae phages. Genome sequencing and analyses revealed these phages share approximately 96% nucleotide sequence similarity to phage SPN19, a member of the Chi-like virus genus. PCR amplification of the gene encoding capsid protein E of the Chi-like phage was positive for 50% of phage isolates, suggesting a predominance of this phage type among the sampled poultry farms. In addition to the flagella, two phages required the lipopolysaccharide to infect and lyse Salmonella. Furthermore, phylogenomic analysis demonstrated that phages STm101 and STm118 formed a monophyletic clade with phages isolated from Western countries, but not from closer isolated phages from Korea. However, further investigation and more phage isolates are required to investigate possible causes for this geographic distribution.

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Both neem extract and azadirachtin are widely used in agriculture as organic pesticides because they are nontoxic to humans, animals, and the environment. However, their effects on soil microorganisms and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which directly affect soil quality, remain largely unexplored. In this study, the effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the activity of soil microbes and rhizosphere microorganisms was evaluated. We found that 0.1 and 0.4 gmL -1 of the extract and 1.25 and 2.5 µgmL -1 of azadirachtin inhibited the activity of soil microorganisms in vitro. Treating soil with azadirachtin for two months reduced the number of microorganisms present, while two months of treatment with neem extract increased the number of microorganisms in both the soil and the rhizosphere. The phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum was more resistant to azadirachtin than Rhizobium sp. Moreover, treatment of mung beans with neem extract or azadirachtin reduced the number of root nodules and Trichoderma asperellum in the rhizosphere, when compared to the control.

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