Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Cladosporium arenosum from marine sediment sand. Argentina, Kosmimatamyces alatophylus (incl. Kosmimatamyces gen. nov.) from soil. Australia, Aspergillus banksianus, Aspergillus kumbius, Aspergillus luteorubrus, Aspergillus malvicolor and Aspergillus nanangensis from soil, Erysiphe medicaginis from leaves of Medicago polymorpha, Hymenotorrendiella communis on leaf litter of Eucalyptus bicostata, Lactifluus albopicri and Lactifluus austropiperatus on soil, Macalpinomyces collinsiae on Eriachne benthamii, Marasmius vagus on soil, Microdochium dawsoniorum from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis, Neopestalotiopsis nebuloides from leaves of Sporobolus elongatus, Pestalotiopsis etonensis from leaves of Sporobolus jacquemontii, Phytophthora personensis from soil associated with dying Grevillea mccutcheonii. Brazil, Aspergillus oxumiae from soil, Calvatia baixaverdensis on soil, Geastrum calycicoriaceum on leaf litter, Greeneria kielmeyerae on leaf spots of Kielmeyera coriacea. Chile, Phytophthora aysenensis on collar rot and stem of Aristotelia chilensis. Croatia, Mollisia gibbospora on fallen branch of Fagus sylvatica. Czech Republic, Neosetophoma hnaniceana from Buxus sempervirens. Ecuador, Exophiala frigidotolerans from soil. Estonia, Elaphomyces bucholtzii in soil. France, Venturia paralias from leaves of Euphorbia paralias. India, Cortinarius balteatoindicus and Cortinarius ulkhagarhiensis on leaf litter. Indonesia, Hymenotorrendiella indonesiana on Eucalyptus urophylla leaf litter. Italy, Penicillium taurinense from indoor chestnut mill. Malaysia, Hemileucoglossum kelabitense on soil, Satchmopsis pini on dead needles of Pinus tecunumanii. Poland, Lecanicillium praecognitum on insects’ frass. Portugal, Neodevriesia aestuarina from saline water. Republic of Korea, Gongronella namwonensis from freshwater. Russia, Candida pellucida from Exomias pellucidus, Heterocephalacria septentrionalis as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina, Vishniacozyma phoenicis from dates fruit, Volvariella paludosa from swamp. Slovenia, Mallocybe crassivelata on soil. South Africa, Beltraniella podocarpi, Hamatocanthoscypha podocarpi, Coleophoma podocarpi and Nothoseiridium podocarpi (incl. Nothoseiridium gen. nov.) from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Gyrothrix encephalarti from leaves of Encephalartos sp., Paraphyton cutaneum from skin of human patient, Phacidiella alsophilae from leaves of Alsophila capensis, and Satchmopsis metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros excelsa. Spain, Cladophialophora cabanerensis from soil, Cortinarius paezii on soil, Cylindrium magnoliae from leaves of Magnolia grandiflora, Trichophoma cylindrospora (incl. Trichophoma gen. nov.) from plant debris, Tuber alcaracense in calcareus soil, Tuber buendiae in calcareus soil. Thailand, Annulohypoxylon spougei on corticated wood, Poaceascoma filiforme from leaves of unknown Poaceae. UK, Dendrostoma luteum on branch lesions of Castanea sativa, Ypsilina buttingtonensis from heartwood of Quercus sp. Ukraine, Myrmecridium phragmiticola from leaves of Phragmites australis. USA, Absidia pararepens from air, Juncomyces californiensis (incl. Juncomyces gen. nov.) from leaves of Juncus effusus, Montagnula cylindrospora from a human skin sample, Muriphila oklahomaensis (incl. Muriphila gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, Neofabraea eucalyptorum from leaves of Eucalyptus macrandra, Diabolocovidia claustri (incl. Diabolocovidia gen. nov.) from leaves of Serenoa repens, Paecilomyces penicilliformis from air, Pseudopezicula betulae from leaves of leaf spots of Populus tremuloides. Vietnam, Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus and Roridomyces pseudoirritans on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

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Matsutake mushroom Mycorrhizal isolationNuclear ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) IGS1 region a b s t r a c t Tricholoma matsutake is one of the most highly valued ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, primarily associated with conifers. Here, we examined the association of T. matsutake with hemlock and fir species native to the subalpine forests of Japan. Basidiomata of T. matsutake were harvested from the forests of Honshu Island, Japan, along with two soil samples directly beneath the basidiomata; ectomycorrhizal root tips were also collected, and used for fungal isolation and molecular analyses. Mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from the roots of Abies veitchii (Veitch's fir) and Tsuga diversifolia (northern Japanese hemlock). These fungi were identified as T. matsutake based upon their production of whitish mycelial colonies on nutrient agar media, and confirmed using molecular analyses; the ectomycorrhizal association between T. matsutake and A. veitchii was also confirmed by mycorrhizal synthesis in vitro. This work represents the first description of T. matsutake ectomycorrhizations withAbies and Tsuga species, as well as a detailed morphological description of these associations. /locate /m yc m y c o s c i e n c e 5 6 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 4 0 2 e4 1 2 http://dx.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the chronic infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes about 2-3 million deaths per year. Isoniazid and rifampicin are examples of first line drugs used for TB treatment; however, they are potentially hepatotoxic. More effective and safer drugs are urgently needed, especially from natural products. Basidiomycete mushrooms are known as important sources of pharmaceutically active metabolites including an anti-TB agent. In this work, the chemical constituents of the edible mushroom Astraeus odoratus were isolated and investigated for antibacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H(37)Ra. The cytotoxic activity against cancerous cell lines was also evaluated. Four new lanostane triterpenes, astraodoric acids A-D, and new 5-hydroxyhypaphorine have been isolated together with four known compounds. The structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic methods, HR-ESI-MS results, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Astraodoric acids A and B exhibited moderate antibacterial (MICs of 50 and 25 μg/mL) and cytotoxic activities (IC(50) values of 34.69 and 18.57 μg/mL against KB and 19.99 and 48.35 μg/mL against NCI-H187), respectively. The results of this study show that A. odoratus could be a significant natural source for safer antitubercular and anticancer agents.

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