Arils from six pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties grown in the Mediterranean region of Turkey were tested for their antimicrobial properties by the agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods against seven bacteria: (Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 9027, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1, Corynebacterium xerosis UC 9165, Escherichia coli DM, Enterococcus faecalis A10, Micrococcus luteus LA 2971), and three fungi (Kluvyeromyces marxianus A230, Rhodotorula rubra MC12, Candida albicans ATCC 1023). It has been observed that the pomegranate aril extracts had antimicrobial effect on all microorganisms, giving inhibition zones ranging in size from 13 to 26 mm. The MIC values for active pomegranate extracts ranged between 30 and >90 µg/mL. The results obtained appeared to confirm the antimicrobial potential of the Punica granatum varieties.

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In Turkey, almonds are grown via the following three methods: organic (O), conventional (C) and good agricultural practice (GAP). Almond seeds are mostly consumed as nuts; thus, the researchers have focused different analyses on only seeds. However, in Turkey, unripe green almond hulls are also consumed. Therefore, we studied the contents of some bioactive components, pigments, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities of O, C, and GAP 'Ferradual' (Frd) and 'Ferragnes' (Frg) almond hull extracts. The highest total ascorbic acid content was found in O Frd (2.1 mg/g fresh weight [FW]) and GAP Frg (2.0 mg/g FW). The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in all the genotypes ranged from 19.2 and 43.9 mg/g FW and 3.2 and 20.2 mg/g FW, respectively. In general, the antioxidant activity of C Frg and C Frd was low. C Frg had the highest MDA content (8.53 µmol MDA/g FW), whereas O Frg had the lowest MDA content (0.89 µmol MDA/g FW). The samples had varying ratios of chlorophyll a and b. The O samples had more total carotenoid content than the C samples. The antibacterial activity was only observed in the O and GAP Frd extracts. The antifungal activity could not be detected in any of the extracts of samples. Varying antimutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain and content of some phenolics were observed depending on the variety, growing conditions, and dose.

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Bu çalışmada Ardahan ve çevresinde doğal olarak yetişmekte olan Gilaburu meyvelerinin antioksidan özellikleri, farklı mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki antimikrobiyal etkisi ve Ames testi ile antimutajenik etkisi araştırıldı. Antimikrobiyal aktivite testleri esnasında farklı Gr (+) ve Gr (-) bakteriler ile mayalar kullanıldı. Antimutajenik etki çalışmalarında ise AMES/Salmonella Mikrozom testi ile Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 ve TA 100 suşları kullanıldı. Elde edilen verilere göre gilaburu meyvelerinin ağırlığı ortalama olarak 0.80 g, suda çözünür kuru madde (SÇKM) içeriği % 11.3, pH'sı 3.20, toplam antosiyanin miktarı 0.80 mg/g,1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)radikal süpürücü etkisi % 52.5, 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) değeri 72.8 µmol TE/g FW, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) değeri ise 122.6 µmol Fe II/g FW olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca gilaburu ekstraktının test mikroorganizmaları üzerinde değişen oranlarda antibakteriyel aktiviteye sahip oldukları; ancak antifungal aktivite sergilemedikleri belirlendi. Test bakterileri içerisinde ise en duyarlı olanının Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 olduğu belirlendi. Antimutajenite deneylerinde,TA98 suşlarında gilaburunun sadece 40 µl dozunda pozitif kontrole göre önemli bir azalma meydana getirdi. TA100 suşlarında ise hiçbir dozda pozitif kontrole göre istatistiksel olarak önemli bir azalma meydana gelmediği belirlendi.

In the current study, the biochemical components, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and antimutagenic activity of 5 plum (Demal, White Cancur, Cancur, Red plum, and Sugar plum) fruits grown in Posof/Ardahan, Turkey were investigated. While other genotypes are cultured, Demal genotype grows wild. The highest total ascorbic acid (TAC; 454 mg/100 g FW (fresh weight)) and total flavonoid content (TFC; 29.1 mg/100 g FW) were detected in Red plum genotype. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) values were obtained highest in Sugar plum (563.8 µmol/g and 50.9%, respectively). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) content among the plum genotypes was also insignificant. Gallic acid, naringin, resveratrol, and caffeic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds in plum fruits. The resveratrol content in Red plum was significantly higher. The total sugar was found maximum in White Cancur and Cancur genotypes (545.15 and 546.08 mg/g, respectively). Twenty-three fatty acids were identified and quantified. Palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid (SFA) in all samples. It was observed that all the plum extracts, except Cancur, exhibited antibacterial activity against the experimental bacteria. Further, different doses of plum extracts exhibited the antimutagenic effect.

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