Rift valley fever (RVF), a vector-borne zoonotic disease, is caused by a phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae). The virus was initially characterized approximately 80 years ago in Kenya and disseminated to many countries in the continental Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The infection has not been reported in Turkey. In this study, blood serum samples collected from camel (Camelus dromedairus), goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa), and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis linneaus) from 2000 to 2006 were investigated for RVF using C-ELISA. Camel samples (n = 72) were obtained from private small enterprises in Aydın province in theAegean region. Gazella samples (82) were taken from the biggest captive gazelle herd in Şanlıurfa province in the southeast Anatolia. Buffalo samples were collected mostly from small private family type farms in Afyon (168), Amasya (80), Samsun (69), Ankara (35), Sivas (21), Tokat (19), Konya (10), and Elazığ (8) provinces in the central, north, west, and east Anatolia. All of the gazella samples were negative; whereas, one of the 71 camel samples (1.3%) was positive for RVF-specific antibodies. Buffalos from Sivas, Tokat, Konya, and Elazığ provinces were negative. However, 35 of the 410 samples (8.5%) from rural areas in the following four provinces were positive: Amasya (12/80, 15%), Ankara (5/35, 14.2%), Samsun (8/69, 11.5%), and Afyon (10/168, 5.9%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of presence of RVF infection in Turkey.

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The first step in the bacterial colonization and infection of uropathogenic Escherichia coli is adherence to uroepithelium. Over 80% of all urinary tract infections are caused by E. coli. Uropathogenic E. coli express several adherence factors including type 1 and P fimbriae, which mediate attachment to the uroepithelium through specific binding to different glycoconjugate receptors. We showed that P and type 1 fimbriae are not the sole adhesins on uropathogenic E. coli and sialic acid also mediates nonspecific bacterial adherence of uropathogenic E. coli and urinary bladder epithelium.

SummaryIn this study, seroprevalence of avian reovirus (ARV) infections in broiler and broiler breeder chicken farms in Aydin, İzmir and Manisa provinces were investigated. Serum samples (n = 631) collected from 8 broiler breeder and 18 broiler flocks were tested for ARV antibodies using a commercially available ARV Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. The sampled flocks were not vaccinated against ARV. The blood samples were taken at the time of slaughtering. Antibodies were found in all flocks tested; 224 of the 295 samples (75.93%) collected from broiler and 322 of the 336 samples (95.83%) collected from the broiler breeder chickens were seropositive. In total, 546 of the 631 serum samples (86.53%) were seropositive. Lameness and respiratory system disorders were observed in all of the broiler flocks but none of the broiler breeder flocks. Seropositivity in Izmir province (91.48%) was higher than seropositivity in Manisa and Aydin provinces (74.59 and 70.58%, respectively). These results suggest that ARV infections which may cause lameness, serious respiratory system disorders, and decreased productivity in broilers are very common in chickens in the Aegian region of Turkey. The infection is often subclinical in broiler breeders. These results highlight the need for regular implementation of programs to combat the ARV infection in western Turkey. Seropozitiflik oranlarının İzmir ilinde (%91.48), Manisa ve Aydın illerine nazaran daha yüksek olduğu tespit edildi (sırasıyla %74.59 ve %70.58). Sonuç olarak, broiler yetiştiriciliğinde önemli solunum sistemi semptomlarına, topallığa ve verim düşüklüklerine yol açan reovirusların Ege Bölgesi'nde çok yaygın olduğu görüldü. Özellikle damızlık sürülerde enfeksiyonun yüksek prevalansa sahip olduğu ve çoğu zaman semptom göstermeksizin, gizli bir şekilde devam ettiği belirlendi. Bu araştırmanın sonuçlarına dayanarak, söz konusu virus enfeksiyonuna karşı düzenli mücadele programlarının hazırlanması ve uygulanması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.

Kocatepe Vet J 2014 7(2): 17-21 17 S U M M A R YBovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is one of the most prevalent infections of domestic ruminants and has significant effect on the cattle industry. Afyonkarahisar province is the homeland of well-known some specific products made from cattle milk and meat. Cattle population is high and generally intensive breeding having been preferred due to climatic conditions. High level persistent infection was detected before in big-size herds before.

Bu çalışma ile Aydın ve İzmir illerindeki koyun ve keçilerde pestivirus enfeksiyonunun serolojik ve virolojik olarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 128 adet keçi, 332 adet koyun olmak üzere toplam 460 adet hayvandan serum örnekleri elde edildi. Alınan kan serumu örneklerinde, bovine viral diarrhea virusunun (BVDV) referans suşu NADL kullanılarak virus nötralizasyon testi ile antikor varlığı araştırıldı. Toplam 348 adet (116 adet keçi, 232 adet koyun) hayvandan alınan tam kan örnekleri pestivirus spesifik antijen varlığı yönünden ticari Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (Serelisa ® BVD p80Ag Mono Indirect, Synbiotics, Europe, Lyon, France) ile test edildi. Keçi örneklerinin %41.40'ının (53 /128), koyun örneklerinin ise %47.59'unun (158/332) seropozitif olduğu saptandı. Seropozitif bulunan toplam 211 serum örneğinin %37.44'ünde 1/5, %34.12'sinde 1/10, %14.21'inde 1/20, %5.21'inde 1/40, %5.68'inde 1/80 ve %3.31'inde ise 1/160 olarak SN50 değerleri belirlendi. Test edilen tam kan örneklerinin antijen yönünden negatif olduğu belirlendi. Bu çalışmada, Aydın ve İzmir illerinde örneklenen koyun ve keçilerde viremik hayvan tespit edilmemiş olmasına rağmen, %45.87 (211/460) oranında seropozitiflik saptanması pestivirusların bölgede sirküle olduğunu ve önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olabileceğini göstermektedir.

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SUMMARYAntigenic differences were demonstrated between the large and small plaque variants of both types O1 and Asia-t foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Treatment of the large and small plaque variants of the viruses with trypsin essentially abolished the observed antigenic differences. Thus, these plaque variants have antigenically different trypsin.-sensitive determinants that may influence their immunogenicity and infection capabilities.