Children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), usually present with symptoms of mild upper respiratory tract infection without developing any significant complications. However, this observation has been rendered incautious by hundreds of clinical cases from around the world that have depicted a less benign multisystem inflammatory illness mimicking Kawasaki disease in COVID-positive pediatric patients. Our study aimed at retrospectively reviewing the different features of Kawasaki disease-like illness in children suffering from COVID-19, including the complications, laboratory investigations, treatment strategies used during their hospital stay, and outcomes. We searched the electronic database of the two pediatric units of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, for children who had been admitted to the ward between April 2020 and July 2020 and were diagnosed with COVID-19. A total of 10 such pediatric cases were found, whose clinical details were then reviewed and the obtained data were presented in the form of tables and percentages. The median age was between 4 months to 11 years (mean: 6 years). Of the 10 patients, 8 (80%) were boys. Criteria for Kawasaki disease were met in all of them (100%), with a complete presentation in five (50%). Fever (100%), conjunctival and oral cavity changes (90%), and rash (80%) were the most common features. Seven (70%) patients required admission to a critical care unit, but no mortality occurred. This article can assist in understanding and dealing with Kawasaki disease-like manifestation of pediatric COVID-19 infection, especially in critical care settings, and its possible complications. It will help in a timely and appropriate decision-making regarding treatment and management of such cases.

Joubert syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disease characterized by abnormal breathing patterns composed of episodic tachypnea/apnea, hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, intellectual impairment, ocular impairment, renal cysts, and hepatic fibrosis. We report the case of a 4-year-old boy who presented with global developmental delay, bilateral nystagmus, and gaze instability with difficulty walking and maintaining an upright posture. A detailed examination revealed facial dysmorphic features with a depressed nasal bridge and deepened orbital sockets. Neurological examination yielded positive results for hypotonia, gait ataxia, bilateral horizontal pendular nystagmus, and a grade 1 ptosis more prominent in the right eye. However, no abnormal breathing patterns were observed in our case. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the characteristic molar tooth sign and a batwing appearance of the fourth ventricle.

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Pulmonary embolism in the cases of tuberculosis (TB) infection has incited physicians and researchers to derive a reasonable association in the past few years. However, despite the efforts, pulmonary embolism is often misdiagnosed in the context of active TB. Pulmonary embolism in TB is still considered a rare phenomenon, even though it seems to be a probable risk factor based on the emerging literature. We report a case of a young man who presented with recurrent respiratory symptoms. He had no risk factors except a former history of smoking. We believe that the symptoms he had on the initial visit were misinterpreted in the background of TB infection. We followed the case for two months after he was discharged on anticoagulants and anti-TB medication. In this case report, we would like to emphasize the need to consider this occult phenomenon in order to rule out TB in cases of pulmonary embolism and vice versa. We hope that the management of TB in the future might take into account the chances of concomitant pathology of pulmonary embolism in patients with active TB.

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Subclavian artery thrombosis is a rare cause of upper limb ischemia resulting from occlusion of the upper extremity blood supply. Symptomatic presentation is quite rare and therefore remains underdiagnosed by physicians. Possible catastrophic clinical consequences necessitate prompt rectification of the underlying disease and risk factors. Treatment modalities are often selected depending on the severity of clinical presentation. Herein, we present a case of a 52year-old man who presented to the outpatient department with a one-month history of pain and blackish discoloration of the right-hand digits, palm, and wrist. His social history also revealed a chronic 30-year history of smoking. At the time of consultation, his past medical history was insignificant for chronic medical disease and hospitalizations. However, inpatient investigations diagnosed him with diabetes. Physical examination revealed a bad odor emanating from the devitalized affected right hand. Neurological examination was significant for the loss of pain sensation in the right hand. Furthermore, the right radial and brachial pulses were also absent (grade 0). Right upper extremity angiography revealed the occlusion of the right subclavian artery and right brachial artery. Above elbow amputation was advised and performed based on angiogram scans and physical examination findings. We report a case of subclavian artery thrombosis in an undiagnosed diabetic with a chronic history of smoking. Our report details the common etiology, clinical presentation, and management options feasible for this clinical entity. Furthermore, it reiterates the importance of counseling patients to attend annual healthcare doctor visits.

Aim: To review neurological aspects of patients infected with COVID-19 including neurological dysfunctions and possible pathophysiology. Methods: A systematic review of articlesfrom PubMed, Ovid MEDLIN, DOAJ databases and grey literature included the WHO-COVID-19 database, and medRxiv.Articles published from January 2020 until June 2020 were included in the review. Out of the226 titles and abstracts, 213 were identified after the removing duplicates. With a screening of 119 studies carried by all authors, 83 full-text articles were assessed based on inclusion criteria of the neurological perspectives with COVID-19. Subsequently, 45 texts were removed. A total of 38 studies were included in the last scrutiny.Specifically, case reports, cohort studies, and case series were included Results: Reviewed evidence was presented in textual and tabulated format, which includes methodology, characteristics of included studies and summary of findings. Correlational evidence of COVID-19 disease and neurological dysfunctions with possible pathophysiology isreviewed. Conclusion:The findings provide evidence for physicians and neurologists working with COVID-19 patients about the possible probable complications and clinical presentations due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease; Respiratory illness; Neurology; Nervous system; Critical Illness;

Hassan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.