Background: People nowadays have developed a new passion of weightlifting. Weightlifting focuses on vigorous muscle development. But injuries are also common in weightlifting. This study aims to compare the injury rates among supervised and non-supervised weightlifters. Methods: A group of 138 weight lifters was divided into two groups i.e. who did training under supervision and the other who did training without any supervision. Injuries related to musculoskeletal system were identified using Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Chi square test was used to see the association of musculoskeletal pain among weightlifters with or without supervision. Results: Significant association found between musculoskeletal injuries and supervision. Injuries lesser in number among supervised weightlifters as compared to unsupervised weightlifters. Mean age of weight lifters under supervision and without supervision was 21.99 (SD 3.81) and 24.64 (SD 5.01) respectively. Mean workout days /week among weight lifters under supervision was almost same i.e. 5.67 (SD .63) and was 5.62 (SD .81). Out of 51 participants who work-out for 46-60 min, 30 were not under supervision while 31 weightlifters who work-out for 61-90 min were working out under supervision. Injury rate was more in the region of shoulder in both groups supervised and unsupervised groups while hip/thigh region was less involved in both supervised and unsupervised groups. Conclusion: Overall results showed significant association between musculoskeletal injuries and supervision. Injury rate was more among weightlifters who work without supervision as compared to those who work under supervision. Care should be taken and weight lifting and exercises must be performed under expert’s supervision.
Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are commonly used to prevent fatigue, enhance physical, and cognitive performance. Its administration induces toxic effects in body. Omega-3 is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that helps in proper functioning of immune system. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the morphological effects of fish oil omega 3 fatty acids (Eicosapentaenoic acid / Docosahexaenoic acid) on energy drink induced ovarian cytotoxicity in adult female albino rats. Methods: The study was conducted at animal house, Anatomy department, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from January to march 2019. ARRIVE guidelines were followed for conduct of animal study. Ethical approval was obtained from PGMI, Lahore and Advanced Studies and Research Board of University of Health Sciences, Lahore. The study comprised 36 adult female albino rats divided into 3 groups i.e., control, energy drink and omega 3 treated. Rats were sacrificed, ovaries extracted, and sections were stained with H&E and PAS. SPSS version 21.0 were used. Results: Statistically significant difference was present in gross parameters between the control and experimental groups. Energy drink administration caused a decrease in diameter of mature graafian follicle and diameter of the oocyte. Disruption in basement membrane was more pronounced in Energy drink treated group. Conclusion: Energy drinks were found to cause cytotoxic effects on ovarian and oocyte morphology, ultimately leading to infertility. Omega 3 reduces the extent of damage caused by the intake of energy drinks.
From the mid-20th century, there has been quite a radical change in environmental and climate patterns regionally as well as globally. The reason behind these changes is primarily linked to deforestation, industrialization, expanded use of fossil fuels, and the extreme production of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The environment comprises the surrounding conditions such as the complex of biological, physical, and chemical factors that act upon the ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. Environmental change encompasses the disturbances caused either by ecological processes or by the human influence which can be in the form of man-made disasters including but not limited to wars, oil spills, pollution, cyclones, etc. Environmental changes are a huge threat to humanity as a whole. These changes can be detrimental to health in a multitude of ways. Most significant ones being exacerbating existing health conditions or causing unforeseen health problems. These environmental changes affect human health by polluting the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food that we eat. As a result of accelerated progressions in technology, active industrialization, ongoing wars, irrational use of pollutants like petroleum, etc., the whole of our planet is susceptible to environmental changes, but some areas like the Gulf region have been more sensitive to these. The gulf has shown climate deviations that have transmuted into various environmental extremes such as rising sea levels, melting of the arctic ice caps, droughts, and floods. According to the widely cited, "The Stern Review", a temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius will see a 20-30% decrease in water availability in one of the regions of the globe, and a 4 Celsius rise will result in up to 50% decrease in water availability1. The latest example of this is Kuwait; where due to the environmental changes world's most scorching day was recorded recently in 20192.The Gulf region is the largest producer of oil and gas in the world fulfilling 1/3rd of the world’s needs. According to world bank statistics, UAE, Saudi Arab, and Qatar produce around 22.9, 19.4 & 43.9 metric tons of CO2 per capita against the global average of 5.0 metric tons of CO2 per capita. These materials when processed to make electricity and other products release greenhouse gasses which are highly susceptible to environmental changes that have a direct or indirect effect on the health in the region. The byproducts include particulate matter (PM2.5) that cause chronic respiratory diseases and also aggravate the asthma condition in many. Furthermore, the overall increase in urban smog also has an impact on the psychological health of a human being by making the environment dark and hazy.
Vasospastic angina is caused by transient coronary spasms unrelated to exertion, which may even occur at rest (classically at night) and promptly responds to short acting nitrates. It is thought to be caused by inherent generalised hyper reactivity of the smooth muscle cells of epicardial vessels to various stimuli. Being comparatively less studied, the risk factors for VSA vary considerably from obstructive or atherosclerotic cardiac disease. However, coronary vasospasm can occur in non stenosed arteries, atherosclerotic arteries as well as sub critically stenosed arteries which can result in significant overlap between the risk factors and underlying pathophysiology. 1-14% of AMI can be caused by non-obstructive, or ‘functional’ coronary artery disorders like vasospastic angina but VSA continues to be underdiagnosed and less well understood than obstructive coronary artery disorders. This prompted us to study the existing literature for modifiable risk factors of coronary artery vasospasm so that an emphasis can be made on proper lifestyle modifications and avoidance of vasospastic agents in susceptible individuals. Smoking proved to be the most important risk factor whereas recreational drugs and drugs used for treatment of certain medical disorders have also been shown to associate with coronary vasospasm. Medical personnel, therefore, need to be more vigilant in history taking as well as investigating cardiac chest pain in which traditional investigations end up being normal so that an early diagnosis of vasospastic angina can be made and appropriate steps taken to improve the quality of life of patients.
Background: COVID-19 has highly impacted the education system and has created trends in online classes. To fill in the gap created by lockdown and to continue the uninterrupted learning process, educational institutions worldwide started organizing online classes. Although medical education is mostly practical, it is not safe to conduct on campus classes. This study aimed to measure the scope and limitations of online education and the overall impact of COVID-19 on the medical education system.Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the South Point Hospital. Informed consent was obtained. Self-administered questionnaires were administered to participants.Results: E-Learning opportunities were made available in 98.69% of cases; some student forums also participated. Among survey respondents, females predominated (57.39%), and 42% of respondents belonged to rural areas and small towns. Access and quality of internet during online classes was average to poor in 54%, and only 10% said it was good. Zoom was the platform for classes in 98% of situations, followed by Facebook live (41.05%), prerecorded video upload, YouTube link, etc. Sixty percent graded the quality of online classes as good, 10% excellent, and 5% bad. Approximately 43% of the participants evaluated online assessments as good. Of the respondents, 17% faced substantial stress, and 18% did not. Twenty-eight percent of the students faced huge mental stress during COVID-19.Conclusions: E-learning is a new normal during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the opportunity, medical students benefited greatly, but there was a technological divide. There were also financial and mental stresses to a certain extent.
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