BackgroundPatient safety, concerned with the prevention of harm to patients, has become a fundamental component of the global healthcare system. The evidence regarding the status of the patient safety culture in Arab countries in general shows that it is at a suboptimal level due to a punitive approach to errors and deficits in the openness of communications.ObjectivesTo identify factors contributing to the patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia.DesignSystematic review.MethodsA systematic search was carried out in May 2018 in five electronic databases and updated in July 2020—MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Relevant journals and reference lists of included studies were also hand-searched. Two independent reviewers verified that the studies met the inclusion criteria, assessed the quality of studies and extracted their relevant characteristics. The Yorkshire Contributory Factors Framework (YCFF) was used to categorise factors affecting safety culture in the included papers.Results14 papers were included and the majority of studies were appraised as being of good quality. Strength and weakness factors that contribute to patient safety culture were identified. Ineffective leadership, a blame culture, workload/inadequate staffing and poor communication are reported as the main factors hindering a positive patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia. Conversely, ‘strength’ factors contributing to a positive patient safety culture included supportive organisational attitudes to learning/continuous improvement, good teamwork within units and support from hospital management for patient safety. There is an absence of patient perspectives regarding patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia.ConclusionPolicymakers in the Saudi healthcare system should pay attention to the factors that may contribute to a positive patient safety culture, especially establishing a blame-free culture, improving communications and leadership capacity, learning from errors and involving patient perspectives in safety initiatives. Further research is required to understand in depth the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a positive patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia.
Cluster headache (CH) has always been associated with several risk factors, including hereditary, environmental, and lifestyle habits. This study focuses on important risk factors, including family history, smoking, alcohol consumption, male predominance, and head trauma associated with CH. The present study aimed at investigating the available literature on cluster headaches and evaluating their associated risk factors. A systematic data search was designed, and scientific data were collected from renowned databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Google Scholar. Thirty-two studies were selected to execute a systemic review, and 26 studies, consisting of 6,065 CH patients, qualified for a meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted by using MedCalc, version 16.8.4; (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium; http://www.medcalc.org ) and Rapidminer statistical software, version 9.6.0 ( www.rapidminer.com ). We conclude the evidence of family history, smoking, alcohol consumption, male predominance, and head trauma are associated with cluster headaches. However, sex discrimination in familial cases needs to be revisited because of the female predominance reported by familial history and CH association studies.
Keratoconus (KN), is an eye disorder, characterized by progressive thinning and protrusion of central cornea. A number of conditions such as such as allergy, asthma, eczema, and eye rubbing has been shown to be associated with the development of KN. However, there is a disagreement regarding some of risk factors and their strength so we conducted systematic review and meta-analysis to determine how strongly risk factors such as eye rubbing, and atopic triad associate with KN development and progression. We systematically searched the literature for related studies using specific keywords and key phrases. The studies were scrutinized based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, we extracted relevant qualitative and quantitate information from studies. For meta-analysis we used odds ratio (OR) and their 95% CI were used to draw forest plots. 35 studies were selected in final meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis yielded the combined effect of risk factors with OR of 2.20 and a 95% CI of 1.84–2.64. Furthermore, we found that eye rubbing-related studies had effect size of OR 2.09 with a 95% CI of 1.76–2.49 and a p value of 0.00001. For atopic triad (allergic rhinits, asthma and eczema) related studies, the meta-analysis yielded overall effect size of OR 2.34 with 95% CI of 2.06-2.66. Eye rubbing and atopic triad (allergic rhinitis, eczema, and asthma) are important risk factors for KC development with statistically strong association.
Background: Migraine is an important healthcare concern that silently affects diverse populations globally. The rising prevalence of migraine affects the quality of life of individuals, the economic burden of a nation, and work productivity. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of migraine in Saudi Arabia.Methodology: A systematic data search was designed, and scientific data were collected from leading databases, including PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Ovid, and Google Scholar.Results: Thirty-six studies, comprising 55061 study participants based on defined inclusion criteria, were statistically analyzed using StatsDirect software. The pooled proportion of migraine in Saudi Arabia among all 36 selected studies was 0.225617 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.172749 to 0.28326). The study was grouped into four categories: general population, students (of both genders), studies based on females only, and healthcare professionals in primary health care (PHC). The migraine pooled proportion among all four groups using random effects (DerSimonian-Laird) was 0.213822 (95% CI = 0.142888 to 0.294523), 0.205943 (95% CI = 0.127752 to 0.297076), 0.345967 (95% CI = 0.135996 to 0.593799), and 0.167068 (95% CI = 0.096429 to 0.252075), respectively. Conclusion:The estimated pooled proportion of migraine in Saudi Arabia is 0.225617, which is comparable to or even higher than other parts of the Middle East region. Migraine has a great impact on quality of life, productivity, and economic capacity, and increases the healthcare burden. Early detection and necessary lifestyle measures are necessary to minimize this number.
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