Despite high variability among the studies, synthesis of available data provided significant evidence of beneficial clinical and immunologic effects of probiotics in the treatment of AR, especially with seasonal AR and LP-33 strains. With the rising pool of studies, the most promising strains in specific allergies can be revealed and adjuvant therapy with probiotics can be recommended for the treatment of AR.

In the present paper, we discuss the importance of the microbiome in allergic disease. In this review paper, the data from the Medline (PubMed) and search engine of Kirikkale University were systematically searched for all relevant articles in June 15th, 2015 for the past 30 years. The keywords of "microbiome", "dysbiosis", "allergy", "allergic rhinitis", "allergic disease", "mechanisms" and "treatment" were used alone or together. In this paper, microbiomes were presented in terms of "Definition", "Influence of \the human microbiome on health", "The microbiome and allergic diseases", and "Modulation of the gut microbiota in terms of treatment and prevention". Microbiological dysbiosis is also reviewed. The microbiome is the genetic material of all microbes (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) that live on or in the human body. Microbes outnumber human cells in a 10:1 ratio. Most microbes live in the gut, particularly the large intestine. Changes in the immune function of the respiratory tract are (at least in theory) linked to the immunomodulatory activity of the gut microbiota via the concept of a "common mucosal response". The gut microbiota shapes systemic immunity, thus affecting the lung mucosa. Alternatively, changes in the gut microbiota may reflect alterations in the oropharyngeal microbiota, which may in turn directly affect the lung microbiota and host immune responses via microaspiration. Dysbiosis is defined as qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal flora; and modern diet and lifestyle, antibiotics, psychological and physical stress result in alterations in bacterial metabolism, as well as the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. All immune system components are directly or indirectly regulated by the microbiota. The nature of microbial exposure early in life appears to be important for the development of robust immune regulation; disruption of either the microbiota or the host response can trigger chronic inflammation. Dysbiosis is also an important clinical entity. Antibiotics, psychological and physical stress, and dietary factors contribute to intestinal dysbiosis.

If there are severe breathing problems related to the septal deviation, septoplasty should be performed. In the majority of cases, septal surgery may be conducted in 6-year-old children. However, if necessary, septal surgery may be performed in younger children and even at birth.

Amaç: Bu prospektif olgu-kontrollü çal›flmada Sinonazal Sonuç Testinin (SNOT-22) Türkçeye çevirisi, kültürler aras› adaptasyonu ve validasyonunu gerçeklefltirmeyi amaçlad›k. Yöntem: Türkçe anketin validasyonu orijinal SNOT-22 maddelerinin anadili Türkçe olan, birbirlerinden ba¤›ms›z iki çevirmen taraf›ndan ‹ngilizceden Türkçeye, daha sonra anadili ‹ngilizce olan baflka iki çevirmen taraf›ndan yeniden Türkçeden ‹ngilizceye çevrilmesini içermifltir. Kronik rinosinüziti (KRS) olan hastalarda test-yeniden test güvenilirli¤i ifllemi gerçeklefltirilmifltir. ‹ki ayr› doktor SNOT-22 anketini iki kez uygulam›flt›r. Bulgular: Test ve yeniden test etme süreçlerinde Cronbach alfa katsa-y›lar›n›n s›ras›yla 0.88 ve 0.90 olmas› SNOT-22 anketinin iyi bir iç tu-tarl›l›¤a sahip oldu¤unu düflündürmektedir. Pearson korelasyon katsay›-s›n›n 0.97 olmas› yinelenen muayenelerde mükemmel bir korelasyonun varl›¤›n› ortaya ç›kartm›flt›r. Tek tek maddeler için hesaplanan kappa de¤erleri ortalamas›n›n 0.83 olmas› yüksek bir tekrarlanabilirlik düzeyini göstermektedir. Sa¤l›kl› kiflilerin ortalama SNOT-22 skorlar›n›n hasta grubuyla karfl›laflt›rmas› iki grup aras›nda istatistiksel aç›dan anlaml› farkl›l›k oldu¤unu göstererek sa¤l›kl› bireylerle, KRS'si olan hastalar›n ayr›m›nda Türkçe SNOT-22'nin geçerlili¤ini kan›tlam›flt›r. Postoperatif ve preoperatif ortalama SNOT-22 skorlar›ndaki istatistiksel aç›dan anlaml› azalma bu arac›n duyarl› oldu¤unu göstermifltir. Sonuç: Sonuçlar SNOT-22'nin Türkçe versiyonunun iyi bir iç tutar-l›l›k, mükemmel bir tekrarlanabilirlik, validite ve KRS hastalar›n› de-¤erlendirmede duyarl›l›¤a (yan›t verilebilirli¤e) sahip oldu¤una iflaret etmifltir.

No abstract

Patients treated with SCIT are at risk of both local and systemic adverse reactions; however, in most cases, symptoms are readily reversible if they are recognized early and treated promptly. The safety profile of SLIT is good; therefore, SLIT can be self-administered by patients in their homes. In this article, we reviewed the efficacy and safety of allergen immunotherapy.

Nasal tip sutures have long been used as noninvasive suture techniques. Each suture technique has unique benefits, and various key points must be considered when using these techniques.

Objective Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) is a benign soft tissue tumour arising from dermis or subcutaneous tissue which should be considered in differential diagnosis of preauricular lesions especially when skin fixation is present. Case Report Twenty-three year old male referred to our clinic with complaint of left preauricular swelling over 18 months which enlarged and became painful in the last 2 months. Because the lesion showed signs of infection, surgery was planned after medical therapy was completed. FNAB suggest pleomorphic adenoma as preliminary diagnosis. US or MRI showed no specific feature. Treatment and Prognosis Total excision, superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve sparing was performed after regression of infectious signs. Postoperatively no recurrence was detected. Conclusion Pilomatrixomas are benign tumours but have diagnostic difficulties according to clinical and cytologic findings. This rare lesion should be kept in mind to avoid misdiagnosis as malign parotid tumours, particularly in the presence of skin change.