Background. In the present-day situation, the problems pertaining to the nutritional quality of food and feed are quite pertinent for fodder production and cereal farming. The prospect to exploit hulless barley is regarded as a promising trend of agricultural research, because its grain contains chemical compounds of higher value than those in hulled barley. However, among the limiting factors of hulless barley cultivation, low yield should be mentioned, along with poor lodging resistance and susceptibility to fungal diseases. Therefore, the task of searching for and comprehensive studying of source material for hulless barley breeding is essential as the first step towards the development of high-yielding and adaptable cultivars.Materials and methods. Twenty hulless barley accessions, representing 15 botanical varieties, served as the target material for the study. Their genotypes were evaluated in the northern forest steppe environments of Tyumen Province (2015– 2017) according to the guidelines developed by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) and field trial methods by B. A. Dospekhov. Correlation analysis was used for statistical processing of experimental data.Results and conclusion. The degree of interactions between the studied characters was measured, and their effect size in the formation of the yield was shown for hulless barley accessions. An inverse correlation of medium strength (r = –0.37) was observed between plant height and lodging resistance, and a direct relationship between plant height and yield was recorded (r = 0.37). The yield was most closely associated with grain weight per plant (r = 0.61) and 1000 grain weight (r = 0.54). The research results showed that C.I.10975 (k-30624, Ethiopia), Liguleless (k-29894, Tajikistan), Schwarze Nackte Kraftborn (k-25788, Germany) and ‘De printempe’ (k-23491, France) had relatively high yield combined with a number of other useful traits.
A b s t r a c tThe method of chemical mutagenesis allows in a relatively short time to obtain a material with new features and properties, including completely new mutations. The effectiveness of the application of the method for the creation of selection valuable forms of plants in various soil and climatic conditions is shown in the works of a number of authors. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the mutagen namely phosphomide in different concentrations on the agrobiological characters at the hybrid form and the initial cultivars of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivun L.). Two domestic cultivars (Scant 1, Scant 3, var. lutescens) and three foreign cultivars (Cara, var. erythrospermum; Hybrid, var. ferrugineum; Lutescens 70, var. lutescens) were the source material. A preliminary study of the varieties was carried out in 2006-2008. In 2009, hybrid combinations involving these varieties were obtained using incomplete diallel crosses and forced pollination. The efficacy of phosphomide, a chemical mutagen, at concentrations of 0.002 and 0.01 % was studied in two varieties (Cara and Scant 3) and F 4 hybrid (Cara ½ Scant 3). For the treatment, the seeds were soaked in phosphomide solutions for 3 hours, and the control seeds were soaked in distilled water. Germination energy and morphometric parameters of the seedlings were evaluated in laboratory tests to calculate the growth inhibition indices. In the spring 2014, 25 mutagen-treated seeds were sown in the field (Biostation of Tyumen State University, Tyumen Province) in 4-fold replication separately for each variant of treatment to obtain M 1 generation. From individual M 1 plants were separately derived M 2 generation. Resistance of the specimens toward leaf fungus diseases (powdery mildew, leaf rust and spotting) was assessed under natural infection development (Biostation of Tyumen State University, Tyumen Province) during the entire vegetation period, from appearance of the symptoms till the leaves dried up, using laboratory tests for specific pathogen identification. The results obtained suggest that the use of phosphomide promotes diversity of the breeding material. In the first generation (M 1 ), there was an inhibitory effect of phosphomide on field wheat germination and the morphometric parameters of seedlings (the length of roots and shoots) which depended on the mutagen concentration. The seedlings showed the least tolerance to phosphomide as to the number of germinal roots. The effect of stimulation compared to the control occurred in the hybrid combination Cara ½ Scant 3 as to seed germination energy indices (by 5.9 %) in the laboratory tests and plant viability in the field during the growing season (by 14.0-80.0 %). The mutagen increased significantly the grain weight per 1 m 2 in the hybrid (by 16.0 %) while the grain yield in the varieties Cara and Scant 3 decreased by 67.0 and 57.0 %, respectively. In high concentration (0.01 %) the mutagen reduced resistance to powdery mildew and brown rust in the varieties whereas in the hybri...
A b s t r a c tFlax is the only industrial crop cultivated in Belarus for fiber on the area over 50 thousand ha. An environmental adaptation is of special interest for innovative flax varieties. We focused on selection of genetic sources of adaptability and stability and the search for environmentally adapted genotypes among the extensive flax hybrids. For this, we have studied a response of the parent forms and 36 hybrid populations of fiber flax to abiotic factors and estimated the influence of environment on economically important traits. The field trials (Orshanskii Region, Belarus, 2012 to 2014) were carried out under weather conditions which varied in precipitations (16.7-27.1 mm) and daily air temperature (12.4-16.4 С). Plant height, stem technical length, weight, and fiber content were studied in 10 parental varieties different in geographic origin (i.e. derived from Belarus, Russia, France, Ukraine, Lithuania), and also in their combinations. Morphological and biological screening identified 11 early ripening combinations, 15 forms with tall stem, 10 forms with a significant technical stem length, 4 ones with high stem weight, and 3 ones with high fibre content. Keywords: flax, varieties, hybrids, environmental adaptability, stability, productivity Nowadays, the fiber flax selection is focused on improving resistance to biotic and abiotic factors while preserving the high productivity and quality of the feedstock. The main method in generating the parent material is still the intravariety hybridization which allows combining important traits of parents [1].In the literature, there is sufficient information on the environmental study of varieties and hybrids of many crops, such as grains [2][3][4][5][6][7], corn [8,9) [19]. At the same time, there are extremely little papers dedicated to the environmental assessment of samples,
Background. Crop yield is a compound and complex character in breeding programs. A stable high yield is determined by the genotype, environmental impacts, and their interaction. A comprehensive assessment of cultivars based on their adaptability, plasticity and stability makes it possible to select among the studied assortment the most promising, potentially high-yielding and environmentally flexible plant forms adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions.Materials and methods. Evaluation of 146 accessions representing two-row (subsp. distichon L.) and six-row (subsp. vulgare) barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) was performed in 2015–2017 to measure the adaptability, stability, plasticity and homeostasis of barley yield. Experimental data were statistically processed using the methods of the two-way ANOVA and correlation analysis.Results and conclusion. It was established that barley yield formation was almost equally determined by the genotype (34.3%), environmental conditions (31.9%), and genotype × environment interactions (33,7%), showing that the tested barleys were relatively well adaptable to climate changes in the Northern Trans-Urals. Barley yield was more closely associated with grain weight per plant (r = 0.72) and the number of productive stems per area unit (r = 0.63), and to a lesser extent with seed germination rate in the field (r = 0.39) and 1000 grain weight (r = 0.37). Strong correlations were observed for the yield with the adaptability coefficient (r = 0.94), environmental plasticity index (r = 1.00), and compensatory capacity (r = 0.96). Cvs. ‘Abyssinian 14’ (k-23504, var. pallidum) and ‘Kharkovsky 70’ (k-23683, var. nutans) exhibited a set of adaptive and productive properties.
Background. The method of induced mutagenesis is used to temporarily increase the frequency of mutations, allowing a higher probability of obtaining plants with new alleles and traits valuable for breeding. The search for new agents with high mutagenic activity is of particular interest for the development of mutational breeding. A new mutagen for barley is phosphemide.Materials and methods. Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 2016–2018. Three barley genotypes were treated with an aqueous solution of phosphemide at two concentrations: 0.002% and 0.01%, exposure: 3 hours. Experimental data were statistically processed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistica 7. The error of the mean (Sx) was calculated for the mean values. Significance of differences (P < 0.05) was determined by Student’s t-test. Mutation frequency (Mf), mutagenic effectiveness (ME), and efficiency (Me) were assessed.Results and conclusion. It was found that the greatest contribution to formation of field seed germination of mutant populations in M1 and M2 generations was made by the mutagenic factor (20,36%) and interaction of the genotype × environment (18,55%) and mutagen × environment factors (14,93%). The concentration of 0.01% was recognized as semi-lethal for two accessions. In the M2 generation, the mutagenic effectiveness of the 0.002% phosphemide concentration exceeded that of 0.01% more than 4 times. The low concentration was more effective for cv. ‘Zernogradsky 813’ (17.43%) and accession Dz02- 129 (12.04%). For C.I. 10995, a higher concentration of phosphemide had greater effect (29.66%) providing a high mutation frequency (9.79%) against a relatively low lethality (33.00%). Nine different types were identified in the mutation spectrum. In M3 generation, distinct inheritance of the changes was confirmed in 46.43% of families. The highest number of families with confirmed changes was recorded for C.I. 10995 in the experiment with a higher concentration.
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