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Graphene and its derivative materials present high potential towards medical and biological applications, including drug delivery and bioimaging, due to their exceptional properties such as thermal conductivity and high specific surface area. The main focus of this work is to review the current development of graphene materials and the derivatives for biocompatible, bioimaging and drug delivery applications. Also, the synthesis methods with variation of graphene nanocomposites and the functionalisation will be further explained. For the graphene approaches, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is the best-known technique to make high-quality graphene sheet by growth route with mass production. By considering the organic graphene nanocomposites, the biocompatibility and cytotoxic effects against graphene nanocomposites were evaluated for biomedical employments such as high quality bioimaging and effective drug delivery for cancer treatments. For example, graphene oxide incorporated with PEG and loaded with SN 38 for camptothecin analolgue as anticancer drug and revealed high cytotoxicity has an effect of 1000 times better effect than CPT in HCT-116 cells. Their drug delivery ability for both in-vivo and in-vitro applications compared to the controlled drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) will be discussed accordingly. The graphene and its deriavatives possess some intriguing properties, which will lead to drug delivery due to strong biocompatibility and cyctotoxic effect towards biomedicine applications.

The utilization of medicinal plants and their derivatives in treating illnesses is more appropriately recognized as herbal remedy than traditional medicine. For centuries, medicinal herbs have been used for the treatment of diseases in many countries. Malva sylvestris L. is a kind of mallow derived from Malvaceae species and is recognized as common mallow. This amazing plant has antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and is considered as one of the most promising herbal medicinal species. This plant’s traditional use in treating many diseases and preparing pharmaceutical compounds can show us how to know in depth the plant origin of drugs used to produce antibiotics and other therapeutic agents.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO)/rGO (reduced graphene oxide) composites have recently gained much interest in electrochemical gas sensor devices due to their fascinating electrochemical properties such as active surface sites, high surface area to volume ratios and high carrier large mobility. ZnO is a significant gas sensing material due to its excellent response towards oxidizing/reducing gases, easy preparation, and less toxicity. At the same time, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide-based sensors exhibited high surface area, and the presence of surface functional groups facilitated gas sensing properties. The synergistic effect of ZnO/rGO improved sensing properties and binding stability with macromolecules, thus making them potential candidates for the design of gas sensor devices. However, the fabrication and utilization of gas sensors operating at the low-temperature condition is still a significant hurdle. This review encompasses the recent advancements of ZnO/rGO nanostructures synthesis, studying nanocomposite interactions in various gas sensing applications. This study also proposes future outlooks on the ZnO-rGO gas sensors high selectivity and sensitivity for gas detection at low working temperature.

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