Development of graphene based nanocomposites towards medical and biological applications

Abstract

Graphene and its derivative materials present high potential towards medical and biological applications, including drug delivery and bioimaging, due to their exceptional properties such as thermal conductivity and high specific surface area. The main focus of this work is to review the current development of graphene materials and the derivatives for biocompatible, bioimaging and drug delivery applications. Also, the synthesis methods with variation of graphene nanocomposites and the functionalisation will be further explained. For the graphene approaches, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is the best-known technique to make high-quality graphene sheet by growth route with mass production. By considering the organic graphene nanocomposites, the biocompatibility and cytotoxic effects against graphene nanocomposites were evaluated for biomedical employments such as high quality bioimaging and effective drug delivery for cancer treatments. For example, graphene oxide incorporated with PEG and loaded with SN 38 for camptothecin analolgue as anticancer drug and revealed high cytotoxicity has an effect of 1000 times better effect than CPT in HCT-116 cells. Their drug delivery ability for both in-vivo and in-vitro applications compared to the controlled drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) will be discussed accordingly. The graphene and its deriavatives possess some intriguing properties, which will lead to drug delivery due to strong biocompatibility and cyctotoxic effect towards biomedicine applications.

ROS-Generating Amine-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Coupled with Carboxymethyl Chitosan for pH-Responsive Release of Doxorubicin

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“…Secondary, modification of smart nanoexosomes derived from cell membranes is performed by different proteins or peptides and then actively targets virals. In RNA-based viral infections, smart nanoexosomes were found to be modified by a variety of target ligands, including tLyp-1, folic acid, iRGD peptide and T7-peptide [ 13 , 81 , 82 , 83 ].…”

“…Numerous molecules are involved in their construction, intracellular transport and secretion. Numerous mechanisms have been identified in their construction and loading [ 12 , 13 ].…”

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“…Given that S. mutans, as the main etiological factor for dental caries, plays a physiological role in cariogenic biofilms, the findings that GO aqueous dispersions can eradicate biofilms at a relatively low dose (80 µ g/mL) are of great importance, regarding their dental applications [60]. Patil et al incorporated Ag nanoparticles into green synthesized graphene nanocomposites and compared the minimum inhibitory concentrations of GO and rGO when combined with Ag NPs [71]. They effectually synthesized rGO/AgNCs by using sapodilla peel extract as a reducing agent under sunlight irradiation.…”

“…Patil et al incorporated Ag nanoparticles into green synthesized graphene nanocomposites and compared the minimum inhibitory concentrations of GO and rGO when combined with Ag NPs [71]. They effectually synthesized rGO/AgNCs by using sapodilla peel extract as a reducing agent under sunlight irradiation.…”