The susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in offspring could be reduced prior to birth through maternal intervention, before and during pregnancy. We evaluated whether the initiation periods of maternal exercise in preconception and pregnancy periods induce beneficial effects in the adult male offspring. Thirty-two female rats were divided into control and exercise groups. The exercise groups involve exercise before pregnancy or the preconception periods, exercise during pregnancy, and exercise before and during pregnancy. The mothers in the exercise groups were run on the treadmill in different periods. Then the birth weight and weekly weight gain of male offspring were measured, and the blood and left ventricle tissue of samples were collected for analysis of the Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) and insulin growth factor-2 (IGF-2) gene expression, serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol (Cho), and triglycerides (TG). There was no significant difference in the birth weight of offspring groups (P = 0.246) while maternal HIIT only during pregnancy leads to reduce weekly weight gain of offspring. Our data showed that Sirt6 and IGF-2 gene expression was increased (P = 0.017) and decreased (P = 0.047) by maternal exercise prior to and during pregnancy, respectively. Also, the serum level of LDL (p = 0.002) and Cho (P = 0.007) were significantly decreased and maternal exercise leads to improves the running speed of the adult male offspring (p = 0.0176). This study suggests that maternal HIIT prior to and during pregnancy have positive intergenerational consequence in the health and physical readiness of offspring.
Both regular exercise training and vitamin D consumption are beneficial for patients with cancer. The study investigated the effects of interval exercise training (IET) or/and vitamin D supplementation on the gene expression involved in mitochondrial function of heart tissue, tumor size, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in breast cancer (BC) model mice. We assigned random 40 female NMRI mice to five equal groups (n = 8); the healthy control group (H.C), cancer control group (Ca.C), cancer with the vitamin D group (Ca.VD), cancer exercise group (Ca.Ex), and cancer exercise along with the vitamin D group (Ca.Ex.VD). Forty-eight hours after treatment, we anesthetized the animals and performed the isolation of heart tissue and blood serum for further studies. The results showed that the lowest mean body weight at the end of the treatments was related to Ca.C (p = 0.001). Vitamin D treatment alone has increased tumor volume growth by approximately 23%; in contrast, co-treatment with exercise and vitamin D inhibited tumor growth in mice (P = 0.001), compared with the cancer control (12%). TAC levels were higher in the group that received both vitamin D and exercise training (Ca.Ex.VD) than in the other treatment groups (Ca.VD and Ca.Ex) (p = 0.001). In cardiac tissue, vitamin D treatment induces an elevation significantly of the mRNA expression of Pgc1−α, Mfn-1, and Drp-1 genes (p = 0.001). The study has shown the overexpression of vitamin D in female mice, and synergistic effects of IET with vitamin D on weight loss controlling, antitumorigenesis, improvement of antioxidant defense, and the modulation of gene expression. The synergistic responses were likely by increasing mitochondrial fusion and TAC to control oxidative stress. We recommended being conducted further studies on mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis focusing on risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with BC.
The minimal running velocity at which maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) is elicited during an incremental test to exhaustion has been used to prescribe training for competitive middle-and long-distance runners. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between velocity at lactate turnpoint (vLTP) and vVO 2max in long-distance runners. For this purpose 11 highly trained endurance runners were selected randomly from the national team. The average age, height and mass of the subjects were 24.36±1.1 years, 1.73±0.02 m and 63.25±21 kg respectively. The first test was used to determine vVO 2max and VO 2max (a continuous run to exhaustion with the start velocity at 10 km/h and the velocity increased 1 km/h per minute). The second test was used to determine vLTP (start velocity was 10 km/h and velocity increased 1 km/h for 4 min to reach lactate concentration over 5 mmol/l). The average VO 2max and vVO 2max of subjects were 58.54±2.8 ml/kg/min and 19±0.29 km/h respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient and SPSS 12 software were used for analysing data. There was a positive moderate correlation between vLTP and vVO 2max (p=0.037, r=0.63). This study may indicate that, the more the athlete is capable of delaying the accumulation of his/her lactate, and the higher the velocity at which the accumulation takes place, the higher vVO 2max he/she can have. On the other hand, coaches can design training programmes at vVO 2max intensity to promote a higher vLTP.
Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of Official basketball competition on the levels of Cortisol and Immunoglobulin A among pre pubertal girls of 10-11 years old.
Method:The statistical population of the study consisted of 12 female basketball players with an average age of (10.58 0.15 years).Collection of the salivary specimen was conducted in accordance with the standard procedures, before and immediately five minutes after the competition. Cortisol concentration and Salivary IgA level were measured, using ELISA quantitative method. Statistical analysis was conducted using the dependent t-Test.Results: the results revealed that an official basketball competition increases cortisol and salivary IgA concentrations, significantly (p ≤ 0.00).Regarding the results of the analysis, one may conclude that sport competition is likely to affect physiological responses of the children and juvenile's immune systems.
Conclusion:It worth to note that despite widespread participation of children and juveniles in competitions and sport events, little researches have been conducted on their immunological factors and stress hormones in response to stressful conditions dominated over the competitions and sport events. Even insufficient information and data achieved through investigations are necessary and useful in evaluation of this age group, concerning their hormone responses to the competitions and sport events.
Background:The present research aims to examine the effect of anaerobic exercise with melatonin consumption on the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 markers in rat myocardium after ischemic-reperfusion by isoprenaline.Methods: In the present experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200-250 g with two to three months old were divided into five groups: pilot (n=14), control (n=4), melatonin (n=4), anaerobic (n=4) and melatonin anaerobic (n=4). Pilot group were divided into two groups, isoperalin (n=7) and normal (n=7): isoperalin group injected isoprenaline with dose of 150 and 125 mg/kg BW with 24 hours in two consecutive days; and normal group has no injection. Then more fibros level was confirmed in isopernalin into normal groups used Massontrichrom tanique. In the following Rats in melatonin group were gavaged every day for one month using a dose of 10 mg/kg BW. Meanwhile, rats in anaerobic group and melatonin anaerobic group were exposed training course with frequency of three times weekly for one month. But control group were injected only with isopernalin in the end of one month. Finally, rats were sacrificed after confirmation of infarct and expressions of bax and bcl2 gene were studied by real-time method.Results: Melatonin treatment and anaerobic training have negligible effect on Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression. In the other hand, anaerobic exercise with consuming melatonin can decrease and increase Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression respectively and show significant effect, compared to treatment with melatonin alone.
Conclusion:The anaerobic exercise with consuming melatonin into consuming melatonin alone can reduce inactive induced-Infarction level.
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