“…In addition to HPA-axis dysregulation, higher s-IgA evening levels were found in both depressed mothers and their children. High s-IgA levels have been associated with chronic stress, such as occupational stress (Henningsen et al, 1992;Kugler, Reintjes, Tewes, & Schedlowski, 1996;Zeier, Brauchli, & Joller-Jemelka, 1996), military assignments (Kvietkauskaite, Vaicaitiene, Girkontaite, & Labeikyte, 2014), and sport competitions (Mazdarani, Khaledi, & Hedayati, 2016). As children of depressed mothers were found to display more externalizing problems (Foster, Garber, & Durlak, 2008;Marchand, Hock, & Widaman, 2002) and anti-social behavior (Kim-Cohen, Moffitt, Taylor, Pawlby, & Caspi, 2005), it is possible that the child's difficulty, lack of engagement, and dysregulated behavior function as a source of continuous stress to the mother, increasing her immune response.…”