This research work primarily focused on investigating the effects of changing rotational speed on the forming temperature and microstructure during incremental sheet metal forming (ISF) of AA-2219-O and AA-2219-T6 sheets. Tool rotational speed was varied in the defined range (50–3000 rpm). The tool feed rate of 3000 mm/min and step size of 0.3 mm with spiral tool path were kept fixed in the tests. The sheets were formed into pyramid shapes of 45° draw angle, with the hemispherical end forming tool of 12 mm diameter. While the sheets were forming, the temperature variation due to friction at the sheet–tool contact zone was recorded, using a non-contact laser projected infrared temperature sensor. It was observed that the temperature rising rate for the T6 sheet during ISF is higher as compared to the annealed sheet, thereby showing that the T6 tempered sheet offers higher friction than the annealed sheet. Due to this reason, the T6 tempered sheet fails to achieve the defined forming depth of 25 mm when the rotational speed exceeds 2000 rpm. The effects of rotational speed and associated rise in the temperature were examined on the microstructure, using the scanning electron microscopic (SEM). The results reveal that the density of second phase particles reduces with increasing speed reasoning to corresponding temperature rise. However, the particle size in both tempers of AA2219 received a slight change and showed a trivial response to an increase in the rotational speed.
The co-administration of M. alba with gentamicin prevented renal functioning alterations expected with the use of gentamicin alone. Therefore, it can be concluded that M. alba to protect from kidney damage, which may be because of its free radical scavenging and diuretic properties.
In this research work, a wideband metamaterial-inspired circularly polarized antenna array is designed. The designed antenna array has a low radar cross-section (RCS) but high gain. The basic element of the planar array is analyzed as a dual-band electromagnetic absorber. Under normal incidence, the designed basic element has two absorbing peaks at 3.6 and 11.2 GHz. Further, four elements of the 4 × 4 elements array are connected to the feeding network through metallic vias. The feeding network is designed on the bottom layer. The circular polarization is archived by feeding the cross shape metallic resonator at two feed points, in a manner that there is a 90 time phase difference between the fields of two. It is shown that a good axial ratio is obtained over a wideband. This design method simultaneously validates high gain antenna performance and also meets the conditions of low-RCS.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum is traditionally used for the treatment of bladder and kidney problems; believed to have kidney tonic effects. The prime objective of the current study was to explore the nephroprotective effects of the plant due to its strong antioxidant properties, to provide experimental facts for their traditional use. Daily dose of 200 mg/kg of plant extract was employed alone and in combination with gentamicin for a period of twenty one days in rabbits. Biochemical kidney functioning parameters were assessed thrice throughout study period. Histopathological examination of the kidneys was performed on the last day of experimental period. Present study showed that C. zeylanicum significantly attenuated renal functional and histological changes associated with gentamicin as assessed by urea, creatinine, uric acid, electrolytes, urinary protein, and histopathological examination. The plant extract successfully proved to have strong nephroprotective properties, especially against aminoglycosides induced nephrotoxicities.
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In herbalism, botanical supplements are commonly believed to be safe remedies, however, botanical supplements and dietary ingredients interact with transport and metabolic processes, affecting drug disposition. Although a large number of studies have described that botanical supplements interfere with drug metabolism, the mode of their interaction with drug transport processes is not well described. Such interactions may result in serious undesired effects and changed drug efficacy, therefore, some studies on interaction between botanical supplement ingredients and drug transporters such as P-gp and OATPs are described here, suggesting that the interaction between botanical supplements and the drug transporters is clinically significant.
Context: Gentamicin is an antibiotic that is effective against Gram-negative microorganisms. However, its clinical applications are often limited due to nephrotoxic effects. Objective: This study investigated the protective effects of aqueous-ethanol extract of Tamarindus indica L. (Leguminosae) fruits against gentamicin-induced renal toxicity. Materials and methods: A daily dose of 200 mg/kg of 70% aqueous-ethanol extract derived from T. indica was employed in male rabbits as a co-therapy with gentamicin (80 mg/kg) for a period of three weeks. Serum and urinary renal function parameters and histological assessments were carried out and compared with one way analysis of variance (Graphpad prism version 5.00, Graphpad Software, San Diego, CA). Results: The results showed that gentamicin-treated animals had significantly elevated blood urea nitrogen (54.1 ± 2.6 mg/dl), serum creatinine (4.0 ± 0.1 mg/dl), serum uric acid (2.3 ± 0.1 mg/dl) and urinary protein excretion (3.8 ± 0.3 mg/dl) with a fall in body weight (10 ± 1%), creatinine clearance (0.7 ± 0.09 ml/min), serum potassium (3.4 ± 0.1 mEq/l), serum calcium (7.6 ± 0.2 mg/dl), urinary volume (126 ± 9 ml/24 h) and urinary lactate dehydrogenase secretion (103.1 ± 4.2 U/l). However, animals treated by co-therapy with gentamicin and T. indica had significantly improved renal structure and function. Discussion and conclusion: Co-therapy of 200 mg/kg/d of T. indica for a period of three weeks successfully prevented functional and morphological derangements caused by gentamicin as assessed by different renal function parameters and histological examinations.
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