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ree modi�ed electrodes (C/PbO 2 , Pb + Sn/PbO 2 + SnO 2 , and Pb/PbO 2 ) were prepared by electrodeposition and used as anodes for electrochemical degradation of Reactive Yellow 160 (RY160) dye in aqueous solution. Different operating conditions and factors affecting the treatment process including current density, temperature, initial concentration of (RY160), pH, conductive electrolyte and time of electrolysis were studied and optimized. e best degradation occurred in the presence of NaCl (4 g L −1 ) as a conductive electrolyte. Aer 15 min, nearly complete degradation of RY160 was achieved (97.9%, 96.65 and 95.35% using C/PbO 2 , Pb+Sn/PbO 2 + SnO 2 , and Pb/PbO 2 electrodes, resp.) at pH 7.13. Higher degradation efficiency was obtained at 25 ∘ C. e optimum current density for the degradation of RY160 on all electrodes was 50 mA cm −2 . e prepared C/PbO 2 , Pb+Sn/PbO 2 + SnO 2 and Pb/PbO 2 electrodes were found to be highly efficient in the treatment of effluents obtained from dyeing factory which contain RY160 dye with very slight matrix effect.

The C/PbO 2 electrode assisted electrochemical removal of diquat dibromide herbicides solutions has been the subject of the present investigation under several operating conditions. The optimum conditions of the treatment process are: current density of 150 mA/cm 2 , pH 2.2, NaCl concentration 2 g/L, temperature of 10˚C and initial diquat concentration of 50 mg/L. The time of electrolysis is 60 min for degradation rate of diquat and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal is 210 min. The results were obtained by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and the present designed electrode was coincident.

A potentiometric tramadol-selective electrode based on the ion-association of tramadol hydrochloride (TDCl) with phosphomolybdic acid (TD-PM) is developed. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian slope of 58.3±0.7 mV/decade for tramadol ions in the concentration range 2.0 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-1 M with the limit of detection of 1.3 × 10-6 M. The electrode has a fast and stable response time 5-8 s, good reproducibility and it can be used in pH range of 1.8-6.1. The present electrode show good discrimination of tramadol hydrochloride from several inorganic, organic ions, sugars and some common drug excipients. These characteristics of the electrode enable it to be used successfully for determination of tramadol hydrochloride in its pharmaceutical preparations and biological fl uids (urine and milk). a wide concentration range, low limit of detection, good Nernstain slope and high selectivity over a wide variety of other cations.