Potentiometric Sensor for Determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Biological Fluids

Abstract

A potentiometric tramadol-selective electrode based on the ion-association of tramadol hydrochloride (TDCl) with phosphomolybdic acid (TD-PM) is developed. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian slope of 58.3±0.7 mV/decade for tramadol ions in the concentration range 2.0 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-1 M with the limit of detection of 1.3 × 10-6 M. The electrode has a fast and stable response time 5-8 s, good reproducibility and it can be used in pH range of 1.8-6.1. The present electrode show good discrimination of tramadol hydrochloride from several inorganic, organic ions, sugars and some common drug excipients. These characteristics of the electrode enable it to be used successfully for determination of tramadol hydrochloride in its pharmaceutical preparations and biological fl uids (urine and milk). a wide concentration range, low limit of detection, good Nernstain slope and high selectivity over a wide variety of other cations.

Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in Life Sciences

“…There are different lab-on-a-chip devices already available in the market for analytical purposes. Eg: "Gluco-watch" which permeates your skin with fluidic nanochip biosensors that sense the level of blood Lab-on-a-chip technology is the basis for combinatorial screening techniques, which, when combined with powerful computers can dramatically speed up the new drug discovery process [42][43][44][45].…”

Nanomedical Platform for Drug Delivery

“…Apart from medical field nanotechnology plays important role in studying electron-photon interactions, protein strategies [60] creation of nano structure films and interactions [61]. Nanobiosensors were being developed that sense the level of body fluids like blood [62,63,64,65].…”

Carbon Nanotube Electrodes in Comparison to Coated Platinum Wire and Carbon Paste Selective Electrodes for the Determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Bulk, Pharmaceutical Formulations, and Spiked Human Plasma and Urine

“…(4) Several analytical techniques have been mentioned for the determination of TR.HCl in pharmaceutical dosage forms and in biological fluids, such as spectrophotometry, (5)(6)(7)(8)(9) spectrofluorimetery, (10)(11)(12) high-performance liquid chromatography, (13)(14)(15) thin layer chromatography, (16) and electrochemical sensors. (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) The reported TR.HCl potentiometric sensors were based on the formation of an ion association complex between TR.HCl and either tetraphenyl borate, phosphotungestate, or phosphomolybedate for TR.HCl recognition and quantification. They were characterized by their limited linearity range and relatively high detection limit.…”

“…Researchers have not studied the selectivity of the electrodes in measuring TR.HCl in combined dosage forms with other active pharmaceutical ingredients such as paracetamol. (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) None of the reported electrochemical methods mentioned their possible use in measurement of TR.HCl in spiked human plasma samples. Some (17,18,21) studied the determination and measurement of TR.HCl in spiked urine and milk samples.…”