Generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from sodium chloride solution using C/PbO2 and Pb/PbO2 electrodes

Ghalwa, Nasser Abu; Tamos, Hassan; ElAskalni, Mohamed; Agha, Abed Rhman El

doi:10.1007/s12613-012-0596-0

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The carbon fibre electrodes continued to produce hypochlorite at much faster rates peaking with 0Á08% at 30 min for 0Á85 mol l À1 NaCl and 0Á098% at 15 min for 1Á7 mol l À1 NaCl. After peaking, the commonly encountered phenomenon of decreasing concentrations of hypochlorite is observed (Khelifa et al 2004;Ghalwa et al 2012). This notable decrease in the hypochlorite concentration with further electroactivation has been attributed to the instability of hypochlorite and its reduction at the cathode in nondivided cells, as observed for titanium, nickel, stainless steel and graphite cathodes (Khelifa et al 2004), and for lead dioxide coated carbon and lead electrodes (Ghalwa et al 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…; Ghalwa et al . ). This notable decrease in the hypochlorite concentration with further electroactivation has been attributed to the instability of hypochlorite and its reduction at the cathode in nondivided cells, as observed for titanium, nickel, stainless steel and graphite cathodes (Khelifa et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…), 2·1% hypochlorite using lead oxide‐coated electrodes (0·34 mol l −1 NaCl | 60 min) (Ghalwa et al . ) and up to 6·6% hypochlorite yield using ruthenium oxide‐coated titanium (3 mol l −1 NaCl | 120 min) (Khelifa et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…0Á003-0Á004% hypochlorite using a range of electrode materials including platinum, titanium, fluorinedoped tin oxide and lead oxide coatings (0Á15 mol l À1 NaCl | 15 min) (Girenko et al 2013), 0Á077% hypochlorite using ruthenium oxide electrodes (0Á09 mol l À1 NaCl | 30 min) (Helme et al 2010), 0Á635% hypochlorite using dimensionally stable anode -titanium electrodes in seawater (approx. 0Á67 mol l À1 NaCl | 180 min) (Saleem et al 2012), 2Á1% hypochlorite using lead oxide-coated electrodes (0Á34 mol l À1 NaCl | 60 min) (Ghalwa et al 2012) and up to 6Á6% hypochlorite yield using ruthenium oxidecoated titanium (3 mol l À1 NaCl | 120 min) (Khelifa et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibacterial validation of electrogenerated hypochlorite using carbon-based electrodes

Locker

Fitzgerald

Sharp

2014

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Carbon fibre electrodes can rapidly generate antimicrobial concentrations of hypochlorite; as such, these cheap and commercially available electrodes are proposed for the local production of hypochlorite for healthcare antisepsis. Importantly, the antimicrobial properties of the electrochemically generated hypochlorite mirror those of commercial hypochlorite, suggesting this is not enhanced by the cogeneration of reactive oxygen species. This illustrates the potential use of disposable carbon electrodes for localized small-volume production of hypochlorite for surface and skin cleansing, and opens a broader scope of research into the exploitation of carbon electrodes for this application.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Antibacterial validation of electrogenerated hypochlorite using carbon-based electrodes

Locker

Fitzgerald

Sharp

2014

Lett Appl Microbiol

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“…In situ synthesis of such solutions is possible only via special electrochemical equipment [18][19][20]. Solid forms of active chlorine, such as chloramines B, T, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, dichlorohydantoin, and others, contain conco mitant organic impurities, increase the organic load of the ambient treated, and therefore their use in medicine is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of new immobilized N-chloro-sulfonamides and release of active chlorine from them

et al. 2021

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A method has been developed for the synthesis of granular polymeric materials with immobilized N-chloro-sulfonamide groups. Commercially available resin polymers widely applied for the preparation of ion exchangers have been used as polymer carriers. The elaborated technological conditions make it possible to modify these resins with a high conversion degree, without deteriorating the strength characteristics, and with the possibility of regulating the concentration of active chlorine over a wide range (up to 11 % w/w). The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy data. To determine the concentration of functional groups, a special method of iodometric titration has been developed. The processes of emission of active chlorine from synthesized polymers into aqueous solutions have been studied. It has been shown that this process significantly depends on the composition of the solution: no release of active chlorine into distilled water is observed, and when using tap water, its concentration is reached 5–8 mg/dm3 and remains up to 30 days when the granules are in water. The processes of activation of active chlorine emission by compounds of amine nature have been studied, the corresponding kinetic curves of the dependence between change in the concentration of active chlorine in solution and the used activator are presented. It has been found that the nature of the used activator strongly affects, among other things, the stability of the obtained chlorine-active solutions. Taurine and sulfamic acid are found to be the optimal activators for obtaining stable solutions of active chlorine of high concentration. The composition of the N-chloro-taurin solution obtained in this way has been additionally analyzed by UV spectroscopy. Thus, the synthesized polymers make it possible to quickly in situ obtain high-purity solutions of active chlorine without the use of special electrochemical equipment. The polymers themselves are compact, stable, and can be repeatedly regenerated

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Cl^–/ClO^– process on SnO₂‐based electrodes in low‐concentrated NaCl solutions

Shmychkova

Гиренко

Величенко

2021

Electrochemical Science Adv

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Anode processes on SnO 2 -based electrodes in low-concentrated NaCl solutions have been investigated. The current-voltage curves for 25 tin oxide anodes doped with various amounts of platinum group metals in 0.5 M NaClO 4 and 0.5 M NaClO 4 + 0.5 M NaCl have been analyzed. The correlation criterion between the catalytic activity of the coating in relation to the reaction of synthesis of NaClO, NaClO 3 from low-concentrated NaCl solutions, and the oxygen evolution overpotential was found. The formulated criterion is fully met by SnO 2 -coatings doped with both palladium (5-15 at.%) and platinum (5-10 at.%), which are the optimal electrocatalysts for the synthesis of sodium hypochlorite. In this case, their catalytic activity does not depend on the concentrations of dopant in the range, which allows to obtain anodes with reproducible properties by pyrolysis. The current efficiency of NaClO is 90-95% and current efficiency of chlorate is less than 1% during the electrolysis of 0.15 M NaCl on Ti/SnO 2 -Pt-Pd anodes at 40-60 mA/cm 2 . Palladium exists in the form of PdO phase in the electrocatalytic coating Ti/SnO 2 -Pt-Pd. The surface oxygen concentration in H 2 O ads and OH ads is comparable to the oxygen content of the phase oxides of tin and palladium in the coating containing 19.5 at.% Pd, indicating a high surface content of adsorbed water. Palladium oxides are the main centers of water adsorption, and their presence on the surface of the anodes contributes to the hydroxylation of the surface.Most likely, this property of palladium compounds provides its high electrocatalytic activity in the reaction of formation of hypochlorite, which involves labile oxygen-containing particles low bonded to the surface.

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Generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from sodium chloride solution using C/PbO2 and Pb/PbO2 electrodes

Cited by 17 publications

References 24 publications

Antibacterial validation of electrogenerated hypochlorite using carbon-based electrodes

Antibacterial validation of electrogenerated hypochlorite using carbon-based electrodes

Synthesis of new immobilized N-chloro-sulfonamides and release of active chlorine from them

Cl^–/ClO^– process on SnO₂‐based electrodes in low‐concentrated NaCl solutions

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Generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from sodium chloride solution using C/PbO2 and Pb/PbO2 electrodes

Cited by 17 publications

References 24 publications

Antibacterial validation of electrogenerated hypochlorite using carbon-based electrodes

Antibacterial validation of electrogenerated hypochlorite using carbon-based electrodes

Synthesis of new immobilized N-chloro-sulfonamides and release of active chlorine from them

Cl–/ClO– process on SnO2‐based electrodes in low‐concentrated NaCl solutions

Contact Info

Product

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Cl^–/ClO^– process on SnO₂‐based electrodes in low‐concentrated NaCl solutions