We investigated cold plasma effects on acute wounds of mice. The mice were classified into experimental and control groups. In the former, wounds were treated using cold plasma once daily for 1 minute, and then covered with hydrocolloid dressing; wounds in the control were left to heal under hydrocolloid dressing. Daily evaluation was conducted for 15 days. General and specific staining was applied to evaluate re-epithelialization, neutrophil, macrophage, myofibroblast and transforming growth factor beta. It was found that cold plasma accelerated wound healing by one day. Plasma may promote the late phase of inflammation, accelerate reepithelialization and increase wound contraction.3

This study investigated the effect of 17β-estradiol on wound healing in 40-week ovariectomised female mice. Thirty-six-week-old female mice were divided into three groups: medication with 17β-estradiol after ovariectomy (OVX + 17β-estradiol), ovariectomy (OVX) and sham (SHAM). The mice received two full-thickness wounds, and the OVX + 17β-estradiol group was administered 17β-estradiol at 0·01 g/day until healing. In the OVX + 17β-estradiol group, the ratio of wound area was significantly smaller than those of the OVX and SHAM groups on days 1-3, 5, 6, 8-12 and 9-12, respectively, the numbers of neutrophils and macrophages were significantly smaller than those on days 3 and 7, the ratio of re-epithelialisation was significantly higher than those on days 3 and 11, the ratio of myofibroblasts was significantly higher than those on day 11 and smaller on day 14, and the ratio of collagen fibres was significantly larger than that of the OVX group on days 7-14. We found that 17β-estradiol administration promotes cutaneous wound healing in 40-week female mice by reducing wound area, shortening inflammatory response, and promoting re-epithelialisation, collagen deposition and wound contraction. Our results suggest that cutaneous wound healing that is delayed because of ageing is promoted by exogenous and continuous 17β-estradiol administration.

Cutaneous wound healing is delayed by protein malnutrition (PM). On the other hand, estrogen promotes cutaneous wound healing by its anti-inflammatory and cell proliferation effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that estrogen administration in protein-malnourished ovariectomized (OVX) female mice might improve the inflammatory response and promote cutaneous wound healing as well as normal nutrition. To test this hypothesis, we used full-thickness excisional wounds in Control SHAM, PM SHAM, PM OVX and PM OVX+17β-estradiol mice. The Control diet included 200 g/kg protein and the PM diet included 30 g/kg protein. The ratio of wound area in the Control SHAM group was significantly smaller than those in the three PM groups. In addition, microscopic findings also showed that the ratio of collagen fibers, the ratio of myofibroblasts and the number of new blood vessels in the Control SHAM group were significantly greater than those in the three PM groups. However, the number of Ym1-positive cells as an anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage marker in the PM OVX+17β-estradiol group was significantly higher than those in the other three groups. These results indicate that the appearance of anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophages was promoted by estrogen administration; however, it could not promote cutaneous wound healing upon a low-protein diet. Therefore, it may be confirmed that nutrition is more important for promoting cutaneous wound healing than estrogen administration.

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A simple technique is tested to improve the contractile effect of a cold plasma jet on acute wounds of mice. Distilled water on the order of microliters is dropped onto wounds before treatment. To assess the fate of the water, an infrared thermal imager is applied. To evaluate the healing effect, macroscopic and immunohistological studies are conducted. Regarding the wound contractile effect, we show that combination treatment of plasma with dropped water seemed to have a greater effect than plasma treatment alone. Plasma may modify the wound surface through such water, chemically and physically. The histological stiffness of the wound surface during maturation and remodeling, however, may also influence the fate of the water during treatment.3

Estrogen replacement promotes cutaneous wound healing in 8–10-week young ovariectomized female mice. However, research using aged ovariectomized female mice has not been reported, to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, we investigated the effect of 17β-estradiol on cutaneous wound healing using 24-week middle-aged ovariectomized female mice. Twenty-week-old female mice were divided into three groups: medication with 17β-estradiol after ovariectomy (OVX + 17β-estradiol), ovariectomy (OVX), and sham (SHAM). After 4 weeks, the mice received two full-thickness wounds. Then, the OVX + 17β-estradiol group was administered 17β-estradiol at 0.01 g/day until healing. The ratio of wound area in the OVX + 17β-estradiol group was significantly decreased compared with that in the OVX group. The numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in the OVX + 17β-estradiol group were significantly smaller than those in the OVX group. In addition, the ratio of myofibroblasts in the OVX + 17β-estradiol group was significantly higher than that in the OVX group. These data suggested that exogenous continuous 17β-estradiol administration promotes cutaneous wound healing in 24-week OVX female mice by reducing wound area, shortening inflammatory response, and promoting wound contraction. However, it is unclear whether the effect of exogenous estrogen on wound healing outweighs the delay of wound healing due to advanced age.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika dengan penerapan pendekatan penemuan terbimbing yang dilaksanakan di kelas VIIC SMPN 1 Loea. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan 27 siswa kelas VIIC SMPN 1 Loea sebagai subjek penelitian. Prosedur PTK pada penelitian ini terdiri atas planning, implementating, observating, dan reflection. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar matematika pada materi segitiga mengalami peningkatan setelah dilakukan tes akhir. Pada siklus pertama, persentase keterlaksanaan skenario pembelajaran sebesar 81,25%, sedangkan rata-rata hasil belajar sebesar 72,96 dengan persentase ketuntasan sebesar 66,67%. Pada siklus kedua, persentase keterlaksanaan pembelajaran sebesar 100%, sedangkan rata-rata hasil belajar sebesar 81,25 dengan persentase ketuntasan sebesar 88,89%. Bedasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan pendekatan penemuan terbimbing dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa.Improvement of Mathematics Learning Outcomes in Triangle Material Through Guided Discovery Approaches of Middle School StudentsAbstractThis study aims to improve mathematics learning outcomes by applying the guided discovery approach implemented in the VIIC class at SMPN 1 Loea. This research is a classroom action research (CAR) with 27 VIIC grade students at SMPN 1 Loea as research subjects. CAR procedures in this study consisted of planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The results showed that mathematics learning outcomes in the triangle material increased after the final test. In the first cycle, the percentage of feasibility learning scenarios was 81.25%, while the average learning outcome was 72.96 with a percentage of completeness of 66.67%. In the second cycle, the percentage of the feasibility of learning was 100%, while the average learning outcome was 81.25 with a percentage of completeness of 88.89%. Based on the results of these studies it can be concluded that the application of the guided discovery approach can improve student mathematics learning outcomes.