The multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria is a global health problem that causes high mortality every year. Therefore, novel antibacterial agents are needed from natural biological sources. This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activities of various crude extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi against MDR bacteria. The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the use agar well diffusion assay and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using Mueller–Hinton broth in a microdilution method. Bacteria from wells were subcultured using inoculating loop onto a 5% sheep BAP. The best antibacterial activity, calculated as the most widely inhibitory zone and the smallest MBC values. The ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against the all MDR bacterial test in the agar well diffusion assay (10-14.5 mm inhibition diameter). The MBC of water extract against ESβL + CR Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the best antibacterial activity (12.5 mg/mL). The fruit of bilimbi was shown to be potentially developed as antibacterial agents, especially for MDR strains. Further in vivo research and discovery of action mode are needed to shed light on their antibacterial effects. This study can provide new information about the benefits of bilimbi as a source of natural antibacterial againts MDR-bacteria

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Meat quality for the community is determined by the level of tenderizer. The process of meat tenderization could be done by giving papain enzymes derived from papaya fruit or leaves. Meat with the administration of papain enzymes can be analyzed based on protein profiles to see protein and microstructural integrity to see the texture of meat. The research sample was 20 g of beef and goat’s meat with the treatment using the enzyme papain derived from papaya leaves. Time variation of enzyme administration 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h, as well as variations in the weight of crude papain extract from papaya leaves as much as 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g. Analysis of protein concentration using Bradford and Kjeldhal methods, and protein profiles using the SDS PAGE method, and microstructural analysis using SEM. The concentration of meat protein with the treatment of crude extract of papaya leaves decreased compared to control meat. Based on protein profile analysis showed that meat given the enzyme papain from papaya leaves experienced protein band loss at a size of 225 kDa, 150 kDa, 96 kDa, 86 kDa. Microstructural analysis showed that beef and goat’s meat treated with damage to collagen fibers, collagen fibers did not stick with muscle fibers, and the arrangement was irregular, in addition, there was a distance between muscle fibers.

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Pseudomonas spp. have been known as notorious food spoilage bacteria with ability to produce thermo-tolerant enzymes. They pose serious risk to public health as its most pathogenic member, P. aeruginosa, could cause nosocomial infections affecting peoplewith immunodeficiency. The use of GMF-GMR primers had been reported capable for detecting bacterial moaC of Alcaligenes javaensis JG3. The gene is suspected to be related with dormancy of pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to investigate specificity of the GMR-GMF as well as a newly designed JMF-JMR pairs of primers (JMF: 5’- GGCGTACATCATCCACACTG-3’ and JMR: 5’-GGCGTTGACCATCTATGACA-3’) for detecting moaC genes of 57 members of Pseudomonas spp. retrieved from http://insilico.ehu.eus/ database using in silico PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The results showed that GMF-GMR primers could selectively amplify 271-bp in silico PCR products from 14 out of 57 members of Pseudomonas spp. tested. However, BLASTn analysis on these 14 amplified DNA sequences showed that they were not part of moaC, yet glpK gene fragment sequences. Meanwhile, the newly designed primers from moaC sequence of strain JG3, JMFJMR, could specifically amplify 214-bp in silico PCR products from 2 out of 57 members of Pseudomonas spp. matched to bacterial moaC gene fragment sequences. As conclusion, based on in silico study JMF-JMR primers are more specific than GMF-GMR ones for detecting moaC gene fragments of members of Pseudomonas spp. studied.

Liquid biomedical waste is a form of medical waste from community health centers (Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat or Puskesmas) with high levels of health hazardous organic contaminants. Bioremediation is an alternative way to eliminate toxic components in liquid waste. A bacteria community that can be used as component of organic waste bioremediation is indigenous hydrolytic and non-pathogenic to low-pathogenic bacteria. From previous studies, 4 hydrolytic indigenous bacterial isolates with such characteristics were obtained from liquid clinical wastes of two health centers in Semarang City, namely H1, H3, H5 (from Puskesmas Halmahera), and T3 (from Puskesmas Tlogosari Kulon). This study aimed to reveal the molecular identity and kinship these bacterial isolates to understand more of their properties as consortium of bioremediation agent. Molecular identification and phylogenetic tree construction works were carried out based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Sequences of 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained by isolation and gene amplification using the PCR method followed by sequencing. Based on the results of molecular identification, the four isolates studied were in the same class, namely Gammaproteobacter with Phylum Proteobacter. H1 bacterial isolates have 98.01% similarity with Acinetobacter schindleri. H3 and H5 isolates share the same genus, Stenotrophomonas, with 99.79% similarity with S. maltophiphila and 97.69% with S. acidaminiphila, respectively. T3 isolate had a similarity of 98.85% with Pararheinheimera aquatica species, which was widely known as a potent bioremediation agent. The phylogenetic tree design with the MEGA 6 program showed that the H3 and H5 isolates had the closest kinship compared to the other two isolates, while the T3 isolates had the farthest relationship with the 3 other isolates. This is in line with the fact that T3 isolate was originated from a different location separating it from 3 other isolates.