The multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria is a global health problem that causes high mortality every year. Therefore, novel antibacterial agents are needed from natural biological sources. This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activities of various crude extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi against MDR bacteria. The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the use agar well diffusion assay and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using Mueller–Hinton broth in a microdilution method. Bacteria from wells were subcultured using inoculating loop onto a 5% sheep BAP. The best antibacterial activity, calculated as the most widely inhibitory zone and the smallest MBC values. The ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against the all MDR bacterial test in the agar well diffusion assay (10-14.5 mm inhibition diameter). The MBC of water extract against ESβL + CR Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the best antibacterial activity (12.5 mg/mL). The fruit of bilimbi was shown to be potentially developed as antibacterial agents, especially for MDR strains. Further in vivo research and discovery of action mode are needed to shed light on their antibacterial effects. This study can provide new information about the benefits of bilimbi as a source of natural antibacterial againts MDR-bacteria
Pseudomonas spp. have been known as notorious food spoilage bacteria with ability to produce thermo-tolerant enzymes. They pose serious risk to public health as its most pathogenic member, P. aeruginosa, could cause nosocomial infections affecting peoplewith immunodeficiency. The use of GMF-GMR primers had been reported capable for detecting bacterial moaC of Alcaligenes javaensis JG3. The gene is suspected to be related with dormancy of pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to investigate specificity of the GMR-GMF as well as a newly designed JMF-JMR pairs of primers (JMF: 5’- GGCGTACATCATCCACACTG-3’ and JMR: 5’-GGCGTTGACCATCTATGACA-3’) for detecting moaC genes of 57 members of Pseudomonas spp. retrieved from http://insilico.ehu.eus/ database using in silico PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The results showed that GMF-GMR primers could selectively amplify 271-bp in silico PCR products from 14 out of 57 members of Pseudomonas spp. tested. However, BLASTn analysis on these 14 amplified DNA sequences showed that they were not part of moaC, yet glpK gene fragment sequences. Meanwhile, the newly designed primers from moaC sequence of strain JG3, JMFJMR, could specifically amplify 214-bp in silico PCR products from 2 out of 57 members of Pseudomonas spp. matched to bacterial moaC gene fragment sequences. As conclusion, based on in silico study JMF-JMR primers are more specific than GMF-GMR ones for detecting moaC gene fragments of members of Pseudomonas spp. studied.
ABSTRAKGolongan darah ABO pada manusia ditentukan berdasarkan jenis antigen dan antibodi yang terkandung dalam darahnya. Pemeriksaan golongan darah untuk mendeteksi keberadaan antigen di permukaan membran sel darah merah dengan cara mereaksikan darah manusia dengan anti A dan antiB.Penggunaan serum untuk pemeriksaan golongan darah jarang dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perbedaan hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah sistem ABO menggunakan serum dan reagen dengan metode slide. Bahan yang digunakan adalah darah manusia golongan A,B,AB dan O serta reagen anti A, anti B dan anti AB. Pemeriksaan golongan darah dengan metode slide, penilaian menggunakan skoring ( likert scale). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan grade aglutinasi yang dihasilkan oleh serum berbeda dengan grade aglutinasi menggunakan reagen anti-sera, karena di dalam serum tidak hanya berisi antibodi tetapi ada komponen yang lainnya yang mempengaruhi reaksi aglutinasi antara antigen pada permukaan eritrosit dengan serum anti A, anti B maupun anti AB. Pemeriksaan Golongan darah manusia hasilnya lebih baik menggunakan reagen antisera Kata kunci: golongan darah; sistem ABO; serum; reagen anti-sera.ABSTRACT ABO blood type in human is determined based on the antigen type and antibody contained in blood.The blood type examination to detect the presence of antigen on the surface of erytrocyte cell membran is conducted by reacting the human blood with anti A and anti B. The utilization of serum to examine blood type is in fact less frequently used. This research aims at analyzing theexamination result differences of ABO blood type system using serum and anti-sera reagent with slide method. The materials used in this research are human blood type A,B,AB and O as well as reagent anti A, anti B and anti AB. The blood type examination is conducted using slide method, whilethe scoring is conducted using likert scale.The research result shows that the agglutination grade resulted by the serum is different with that resulted by anti-sera reagent Penentuan Golongan Darah Sistem ...
Meat quality for the community is determined by the level of tenderizer. The process of meat tenderization could be done by giving papain enzymes derived from papaya fruit or leaves. Meat with the administration of papain enzymes can be analyzed based on protein profiles to see protein and microstructural integrity to see the texture of meat. The research sample was 20 g of beef and goat’s meat with the treatment using the enzyme papain derived from papaya leaves. Time variation of enzyme administration 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h, as well as variations in the weight of crude papain extract from papaya leaves as much as 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g. Analysis of protein concentration using Bradford and Kjeldhal methods, and protein profiles using the SDS PAGE method, and microstructural analysis using SEM. The concentration of meat protein with the treatment of crude extract of papaya leaves decreased compared to control meat. Based on protein profile analysis showed that meat given the enzyme papain from papaya leaves experienced protein band loss at a size of 225 kDa, 150 kDa, 96 kDa, 86 kDa. Microstructural analysis showed that beef and goat’s meat treated with damage to collagen fibers, collagen fibers did not stick with muscle fibers, and the arrangement was irregular, in addition, there was a distance between muscle fibers.
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