This study aims to evaluate, categorize and compare the Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) broadcasting protocols. Massive amount of VANET broadcasting protocols have been proposed in the literature. Aiming efficiency, reliability, scalability and reach-ability each of them adopts certain techniques to provide a certain level of functionality. This study distinguishes the VANET routing protocols in several categorizes according to the applications it may serve. By focusing into broadcasting protocols, the study further divides the reviewed algorithms according to the techniques they used to initiate the communication, which would be either through beaconing, handshaking, or instant broadcasting. These protocols are further classified according to the criteria that have been used to select the next forwarder. The criteria usually influenced by the targeted performance of the technique. Such criteria may include furthest node from the sender, the node with the best link quality, endanger nodes, nodes with high probability of forwarding and backbone nodes. Performance metrics that are used for quantitative evaluation are suggested.
Objective: The purpose of this study to observe the impact of flood on the prevalence of water borne disease. Methodology: A cross sectional observational study was conducted from July 2022 to September 2022 in flood affected areas of district Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan. The study was conducted on 910 patients after taking informed consent. Results: In this study 61% patients were males, 36% were female whereas only 3% participants were transgender. Majority of the patients belongs to rural areas while few belong to urban areas. Majority of the patients were of 01 to 10 years of age while only 43 patients were of age from 71- 80 years. Disease wise 397 case were of malaria, 156 patients were of diarrhea, 75 patients were of dysentery, 66 cases were of cholera, 89 cases were of typhoid fever, 76 cases were of skin diseases, 51 cases were of hepatitis. By keeping in view policy makers can take serious steps to treat the residents of district as well as took preventive measure to rescue the residents of district Khairpur Mirs. Conclusion: This study concludes that due to flood water accumulation water borne diseases increased. Among whole diseases malaria was on top with 44%, diarrhea was on second number with 17% while typhoid was on third number with 10% cases Keywords: Prevalence, Water borne diseases, Flood, Malaria, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Cholera, Typhoid fever, Skin diseases, Hepatitis.
The tremendous challenging in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) straightly focuses on scalability of network and power consumption to guarantee the receiving of data. In Wireless Underground Sensor Network (WUSN), the proposed routing protocol not only considers the two issues above but also the different of communication medium and the reliable underground link. Based on those issues, the method and flow of communication of each node must focus strictly. Therefore, this paper presents on the development of routing protocol in WUSN particularly on tunnel environment. Proper routing protocol will consider the capability of sensor node and medium communication to produce safe and secure condition either in multihop or ad-hoc network. The results show the implementation of social insect model in Tunnel Wireless Sensor Network (TWSN) successfully overcomes the signal interference and attenuation that occurred in tunnel environment. It also significance by the secure delivery data developed using an ant agent in finding and sending of data packets for all nodes in this project. The proposed routing protocol is able to provide transmission of data that exceed 90 % although distance between nodes is 7 meters apart in a confine space.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.