RESUMO.-Este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a origem e ramificação dos nervos de vinte plexos braquiais de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous). Dez animais da espé-cie, obtidos post mortem por atropelamento em rodovias, foram utilizados para o estudo, de acordo com a autorização do IBAMA/SISBIO nº33667-1. This study aimed to describe the origin and branching of nerves from twenty brachial plexuses of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous). Ten animals of the species, obtained post mortem from being run over on highways, were used for the study, in accordance with the authorization from IBAMA / SISBIO No. 33667-1. Once collected, the cadavers were fixed in 50% formaldehyde and kept for at least 14 days in a solution of 10% formaldehyde before dissections. After removal of skin, incisions in breast muscles and reflection of thoracic limbs allowed access to axillary space and the nerves could have trajects dissected individually to each muscle insertion. To improve visualization of the cervical and thoracic ventral roots that originated every single nerve, muscles that covered the intervertebral foramina, transverse processes and vertebral bodies were removed ventrally and the spinal cord exposed. Schematic drawings and photographic records documented the origin and branching of nerves. The twenty plexuses were resulted from connections between the ventral branches of the last three cervical spinal nerves (C6, C7 and C8) and first thoracic (T1). These branches derived the nerves suprascapular, subscapular, axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar to the intrinsic muscles and brachiocephalic, thoracodorsal, lateral thoracic, long thoracic, cranial and caudal pectoral nerves to the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb. It was found that the ventral rami of C7 were the main contributors in the formation of nerves (61.5%), followed by C8 (55.4%), T1 (41.2%) and C6 (30.8%). The t-test comparison between means at a significance level of 5% showed no differences in the origin of plexus when compared antimeres and sexes. Of the total of 260 dissected nerves, 68.8% originated by the combination of two or three roots, while only 31.2% were formed by a single root. The combination between C8 and T1 was the most frequent origin of nerves to the plexus (23.8%) in this species. Comparing the origin, branching and innervation area of the brachial plexus in C. thous with other domestic and wild species, there was a greater similarity with the domestic dog. These results may give the anatomical basis to diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, anesthetic blocks techniques and comparative morphofunctional analyzes involving this species.INDEX TERMS: Brachial plexus, morphology, wild carnivores, animal anatomy, Cerdocyon thous.
Six thoracic limbs from four Leopardus geoffroyi specimens were dissected in order to describe origin and distribution of nerves forming the brachial plexuses. The brachial plexus is a result of connections between ventral branches of the last four cervical nerves (C5, C6, C7 and C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1). These branches are the origin of the suprascapularis, subscapularis, axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar nerves to the intrinsic musculature, and form the brachiocephalicus, thoracodorsal, lateral thoracic, long thoracic, cranial pectoral and caudal pectoral nerves to the extrinsic musculature. The C7 ventral branch is mainly responsible for formation of nerves (70.5%), followed by C8 (47.4%), C6 (29.5%), T1 (19.2%) and C5 (7.7%). From 78 dissected nerves, 65.4% of nerves resulted from a combination of two or three branches, while only 34.6% of nerves originated from a single branch. Through comparison with other carnivoran species, the origin and innervation area of the Geoffroyi’s Cat brachial plexus were most similar to those of the domestic cat, particularly among those nerves extended to the intrinsic musculature. The results of this study suggest that nerve block techniques currently used in dogs and cats might be efficient in Geoffroyi’s Cat too.
Resumo: Cerdocyon thous (cachorro-do-mato) é o canídeo silvestre mais comum em território sul-americano. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho descrever a morfologia macroscópica, microscópica e comparada da laringe nesta espécie. Para tal, as laringes de dezesseis espécimes (quatro machos e doze fêmeas) foram analisadas quanto à topografia, forma, morfometria, musculatura intrínseca e histologia. A laringe dispôs-se ventralmente ao áxis e foi constituída por uma cartilagem tireoide e outra cricoide (hialinas), uma epiglótica (elástica) e um par de ariteoides (mistas). Um par de cartilagens sesamoides foi identificado entre os processos corniculados e a lâmina da cricoide. A morfometria revelou que a tireoide é a maior cartilagem. Não houve sinais definitivos de dimorfismo sexual na laringe de C. thous. O epitélio predominante foi do tipo pavimentoso estratificado o qual sofreu transição para pseudoestratificado cilíndrico ciliado ao nível do terço caudal da tireoide e rostral da cricoide. A laringe de C. thous mostrou semelhança com a do cão doméstico, ainda que o formato das cartilagens tenha apresentado diferenças.
ResumoO bloqueio anestésico do nervo alveolar inferior é a técnica mais indicada para procedimentos cirúrgicos nos dentes inferiores e mandíbula de animais e seres humanos. Sua execução depende do conhecimento da topografia do forame mandibular da espécie abordada. Este estudo realizou mensurações de 6 pontos de referência anatômica em 20 hemimandíbulas de 10 cadáveres adultos (3 machos e 7 fêmeas) de cachorro-do-mato, para estabelecer a topografia do forame mandibular e, assim, oferecer subsídios para o bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior nessa espécie. Houve uma variação significativa (p = 0,05) no posicionamento do forame em relação à borda ventral da mandíbula entre indivíduos de sexos diferentes. Não houve variação entre antímeros. Os resultados indicam que 20,4 mm da agulha devem ser introduzidos obliquamente a partir do processo angular e 12,1 mm (fêmeas) ou 13,6 mm (machos) perpendicularmente a partir da borda ventral da mandíbula, para que o anestésico seja administrado próximo ao forame mandibular e, desse modo, tenha maior chance de proporcionar o bloqueio pretendido. Foram observadas diferenças entre cães domésticos e cachorro-do-mato quanto à forma e topografia de pontos de referência empregados em técnicas de bloqueio, especialmente na localização mais rostral do forame mandibular no Cerdocyon thous. Palavras-chave: Anatomia animal; Cachorro-do-mato; Canídeos silvestres; Nervo alveolar inferior Abstract Morphometrics of the mandibular foramen of Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) (crab-eating-fox).Anesthetic block of the inferior alveolar nerve is the most indicated technique for surgical procedures in the lower teeth and jaw of animals and human beings. Its execution depends on knowing the topography of the mandibular foramen in the species addressed. This study performed measurements in 6 anatomical reference sites in 20 hemimandibles of 10 adult cadavers (3 males and 7 females) of crab-eating-fox, in order to establish the topography of the mandibular foramen and, thus, provide support for blocking the inferior alveolar nerve in this species. There was a significant variation (p = 0.05) in the foramen position with regard to the ventral border of the jaw among individuals of both sexes. There was no significant variation among antimers. The
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da restrição alimentar quantitativa inicial e da temperatura ambiente sobre o desenvolvimento de vísceras e ganho compensatório em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 540 frangos machos, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, segundo esquema fatorial 2 x 3, com os fatores programa alimentar (ad libitum e restrito do 7° ao 14° dia de idade) e temperatura ambiente (quente, termoneutra e fria). A restrição alimentar não afetou o peso relativo do fígado e do coração, mas reduziu significativamente o peso e o comprimento dos intestinos ao final do período de restrição (14 dias de idade). Não foi observado efeito significativo da restrição alimentar sobre o desenvolvimento das vísceras estudadas aos 42 dias de idade. Peso vivo, ganho de peso e consumo de ração dos frangos com restrição alimentar foram significativamente menores aos 28 dias de idade, porém não foram observadas diferenças entre essas variáveis aos 42 dias de idade, demonstrando ganho compensatório durante o período de realimentação. O peso relativo das vísceras não foi afetado pela temperatura de criação aos 42 dias de idade, exceto o coração. Consumo de ração, ganho de peso e peso vivo aos 42 dias de idade foram significativamente menores nas aves mantidas em altas temperaturas.
ResumoObjetivou-se com este estudo descrever a topografia da intumescência lombar e do cone medular da medula espinhal do graxaim-do-campo (Lycalopex gymnocercus) a fim de estabelecer uma base anatômica para procedimentos de anestesia epidural nesta espécie, bem como fornecer dados para estudos comparativos em neuroanatomia animal. Para tal, foram utilizados cinco espécimes, quatro machos e uma fêmea, recolhidos mortos em rodovias da mesorregião sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e então fixados e conservados em solução de formaldeído. As macrodissecções e exames radiográficos digitais permitiram observar que a intumescência lombar mediu, em média, 31,40 ± 5,09 mm e ocupou o espaço sobre as vértebras L4 e L5 (80%; n =4) e entre L5 e L6 (20%; n = 1), sendo relativamente pequena se comparada a outras espécies carnívoras. O cone medular revelou dimensões alongadas típicas de canídeos de menor porte. Seu comprimento médio foi 68,28 ± 8,36mm e sua esqueletopia demonstrou base sobre a vértebra L5 e ápice sobre a S3 em quatro indivíduos; em um único espécime a base situou-se sobre L6 e o ápice sobre Cd1. O comprimento do cone medular teve forte correlação positiva com o comprimento rostrossacral (r = 0,8324). Os achados sugerem que a introdução da agulha para fins de anestesia epidural no Lycalopex gymnocercus seja mais segura no espaço sacrocaudal.Palavras-chave: anatomia animal, anestesia epidural, carnívoros silvestres, graxaim-do-campo. AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the topography of the lumbar intumescence and medullary conus in the spinal cord of the pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), in order to establish anatomical basis for epidural anesthesia procedures in this species, as well as to give data for neuroanatomical comparative studies in animals. For this purpose, five specimens, four males and one female, collected dead from road kills at the southwest region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were embalmed and conserved in formaldehyde solution. Macrodissections and digital radiographs revealed that lumbar intumescence has an average length of 31.40 ± 5,09 mm, lies over L4 and L5 vertebrae and appears relatively shorter in comparison to other carnivore species. The medullary conus has an elongated dimension which seemed to be typical for smaller canids and an average length of 68.28 ± 8,36 mm. Its skeletopy exhibited a basis over L5 and an apices over S3 vertebrae in four specimens; in one individual the basis was over L6 and the apices over Cd1. The findings suggest that needle puncture for epidural anesthesia in Lycalopex gymnocercus is safer if done at the sacrocaudal space.Keywords: animal anatomy, epidural anesthesia, pampas fox, wild carnivores. IntroduçãoLycalopex gymnocercus (G. Fischer, 1814), conhecido por graxaim-do-campo ou raposa-dos-pampas, é um canídeo silvestre com distribuição restrita à região sul do Brasil, leste argentino, Uruguai, leste boliviano e oeste paraguaio. Habita o bioma Pampa e parte dos Campos Gerais (domínio Mata Atlântica) até a área de transição com o Cerrado...
The Southern brown howler monkey, Alouatta guariba clamitans, is one of the largest Neotropical primates. The objective of this study was to describe the origin and antimeric distribution of brachial plexus nerves in A. g. clamitans and, thereby, to provide information for comparative anatomy and for anatomy applied to loco-regional anaesthetic blocking in primates. For this purpose, a macrodissection of 10 thoracic limbs of corpses that were collected from highways was performed, and the corpses were stored in 10% formaldehyde solution. The brachial plexus was essentially formed from the ventral spinal branches of segments C5 to T1, although in one specimen the contribution of C4 and in another specimen the contribution of T2 was registered. There was a grouping of ventral branches in cranial, medium and caudal trunks, and branches of C5 and C7 were the ones that mostly contributed to the origin of nerves from the plexus. Comparatively, the brachial plexus from A. g. clamitans reflected characteristics that are typical in the primate order, but also of mammal species that require versatility and precision in movements of the thoracic limbs. On the basis of that similarity, it is proposed that anatomic landmarks for anaesthetic block techniques used in other primate species may be successfully applied to A. g. clamitans.
The forelimb is the part of the post-cranial skeleton that provides more information about locomotion and life habits of a species. The objective of this study was to perform a detailed macroscopic, comparative, radiographic and osteometric investigation of the thoracic limb of Lycalopex gymnocercus. Twenty-four adult specimens collected dead from roadkill were studied. Analysis included macroscopic and comparative descriptions to other canids, radiographic images for recognition of trabeculation patterns and topographical arrangement of bones, linear and three-dimensional measurements, and histological evaluation of the clavicles. The forelimb skeleton of L. gymnocercus presented morphological and functional adaptations in every segment for a specialized cursorial locomotion and some ability to pronation and supination for capture of small vertebrates. There was a tendency for the bones to be longer in males, especially in the distal end of humerus, presumably to fixation of stronger antebrachial muscles. The vestigial clavicle bone was found in all the specimens, had a predominantly cartilaginous nature and was significantly larger in males. The basic conformation of the forelimb skeleton was similar to that of domestic and wild canids described in the literature, although peculiar characteristics of L. gymnocercus have been found.
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