The successful gene therapy largely depends on the vector type that allows a selective and efficient gene delivery to target cells with minimal toxicity. Nonviral vectors are much safer and cheaper, can be produced easily in large quantities, and have higher genetic material carrying capacity. However, they are generally less efficient in delivering DNA and initiating gene expression as compared to viral vectors, particularly when used in vivo. As nonviral vectors, polycations may work well for efficient cell uptake and endosomal escape, because they do form compact and smaller complexes with plasmid DNA and carry amine groups, which give positive charge and buffering ability that allows safe escape from endosome/lysosome. However, this is a disadvantage in the following step, which is releasing the plasmid DNA within the cytosol. In order to initiate transcription and enhance gene expression, the polymer/plasmid complex should dissociate after releasing from endosome safely and effectively. There are also other limitations with some of the polycationic carriers, for example, aggregation, toxicity, etc. Intelligent polymers, also called as 'stimuli responsive polymers', have a great potential as nonviral vectors to obtain site-, timing-, and duration period-specific gene expression, which is already exhibited in recent studies that are briefly summarized here. Gene Therapy (2005) 12, S139-S145.

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In this study, we investigated different types of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and their block copolymers with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) as temperature-sensitive polycationic non-viral vectors for transfection of HeLa cells in cell culture media. First carboxyl-terminated poly(NIPA) was synthesized and then copolymerized with PEIs branched or linear and with two different molecular weights (2 and 25 kDa). Addition of PEI units to the poly(NIPA) chains increased the LCST values up to body temperature. Zeta potentials of the copolymers were significantly lower than the corresponding PEI homopolymers. A green fluorescent protein expressing plasmid was used as a model. Complexes of this plasmid both with PEIs and their copolymers were formed. The zeta potentials of these complexes were between -3.1 and +21.3. Higher values were observed for the complexes prepared with branched and higher molecular weight PEIs. Copolymerization caused a profound decrease in the positive charges. Particle sizes of the complexes were in the range of 190-1235 nm. Using high polymer/plasmid ratios caused aggregation. The smallest complexes were obtained with the copolymer prepared with branched PEI with 25-kDa molecular weight. Copolymers were able to squeeze plasmid DNA more at the body temperature. Cytotoxicity was observed with PEIs especially with the branched higher molecular weights. Copolymerization reduced the cytotoxicity. The best in vitro DNA uptake efficiency (70%) was achieved with the complex prepared with poly(NIPA)/PEI25B. However, poly(NIPA)/PEI25L was the most successful vector for an effective gene expression without any significant toxicity.

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The crystallographic and molecular docking investigations and the determinations of the cytotoxic activities of the dispirocyclic ferrocenylphosphazenes were performed.