IntroductionHorticultural plants and in particular wild ones are genetically more diverse and produce a range of products that are of considerable value to humankind. These include fresh and processed products from fruit, vegetables, and grapes, which provide essential food, minerals, phytochemicals, and vitamins that are critical to human nutrition (

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This study was designed to micropropagate Vaccinium myrtillus L., a naturally growing bilberry, in the Turkish flora. In order to determine the most effective basal medium, lateral buds were initially selected as explants, which were then individually cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium, Anderson's rhododendron medium, and McCown's woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 1.0 mg L -1 zeatin in combination with either 0.1 mg L -1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or 0.1 mg L -1 α-naphthalene acetic acid. WPM, supplemented with zeatin and IBA, was found to be the most effective basal medium tested. As shoot regeneration ability highly depends on the medium and cytokinin concentration, WPM basal media containing various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg L -1 ) of 3 different cytokinins, namely zeatin, thidiazuron, and N 6 -[2-isopentenyl] adenine, were employed together with IBA (0.1 mg L -1 ) and were compared with basal media containing none of the growth regulators. In terms of shoot multiplication, 2.0 mg L -1 zeatin was found to be superior to the other tested growth regulators when combined with 0.1 mg L -1 IBA. WPM was also used as a basal medium for rooting and was supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0.25-2.0 mg L -1 ) with or without activated charcoal (AC). WPM supplemented with 0.5/1.0 mg L -1 IBA/AC was the best culture medium for rooting with 60% root formation.

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, 1824 (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera), is a major problem for conventional potato production in all over the world. Bioactive molecules that originated from plants, have long been claimed as alternatives to synthetic chemicals for pest management Similarly, we investigated antifeedant effect of essential oils obtained from three different Lamiaceae species; Thymus transcaucasicus RONNIGER, Thymus pseudopulegioides KLOKOV and DES.-SHOST, Thymus leucotrichus HAL. against L. decemlineata Say, 1824 (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) larvae. T. leucotrichus showed the most powerful and weakest antifeedant effect of the three plant species in different doses (r = 0.409, P < 0.01). The highest AFI value (AFI = 65.548) was obtained on the third day at 2000 ppm (P < 0.05) and the lowest AFI value was measured on the second day at 1000 ppm (AFI = 0.560). According to these results, T. leucotrichus essential oil is the most effective phytochemical against L. decemlineata larvae.

Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria species which produce toxic metabolites, create a big problem in terms of the production of reliable human food and animal feeds. This study was conducted to determine the mycotoxin contents of foodstuff collected uniformly in each year of 2017, 2018, and 2019 in Şebinkarahisar, Turkey by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The highest total aflatoxin, and aflatoxin B1 were determined in red pepper in 2018 with 6.47 ± 0.07 and 4.58 ± 0.01 μg kg −1 , respectively while the highest ochratoxin amount was obtained again in the red paper in 2019 with 7.97 ± 0.57 μg kg −1. Contrarily, the highest incidence of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol was determined in wheat and corn flour with 12.49 ± 0.3 and 397.6 ± 7.34 μg kg −1 , respectively. Weather changes have also been found to affect the incidence of mycotoxin. But, determined mycotoxin values do not pose a risk according to the Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation. 1 | INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are generally known as aflatoxins (AFs) (aflatoxin B 1 [AFB 1 ], aflatoxin B2 [AFB 2 ], aflatoxin G1 [AFG 1 ], aflatoxin G2 [AFG 2 ]) ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON). These substances are important secondary metabolites produced by particularly various strains of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and