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In this study, hexane, chloroform and water extracts were prepared by making consecutive extraction of Achillea biserrata from the family Asteraceae. Volatile oil of the same types was obtained by water distillation that was continued 4 hours in the Clevenger fixture and dried by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate. After GS/MS analysis, volatile oil of the same types was kept at 4 ºC in the refrigerator and dark until the work activity was performed. Volatile oil yield that was obtained from mixture of all dried flower and plant leaves were determined for Achillea biserrata 0.4%(v/w) The antioxidant activities of extracts, total phenol, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin amounts were determined. Two different tests were performed for measurements of antioxidant activities. 1 Especially, for the purpose of meeting the general properties of good additives' free radical cleaning activity was done by DPPH method and the inhibition of oxidation activity was done by with β-carotene method. The 50% inhibition (IC 50 ) values of the water, methanol:water and chloroform extracts were 19.6, 37.9 and 114 μg /mL, respectively ın DPPH test. Besıdes, the nonpolar extracts were active in β-carotene/linoleic acid test system. Total phenolics and total flavonoid contents were highest in the water extract possessing 3.39% and 1.12%, respectively. Methanolic extract showed the presence of antioxidant phenolic compounds such as protocatecuic acid (177.83 g/g) and chlorogenic acid (164.78 g/g) ın HPLC analsıs. Automated extraction system obtained better separation of the active principles from plant tissues than conventional extraction procedures.

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This study was designed to evaluate the phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Onobrychis nitida, Hedysarum cappadocicum, Ebenus laguroides and Ebenus macrophylla which are medicinal plants and endemic for the flora of Turkey. The RP-HPLC-DAD (reverse phasehigh performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector) was used to evaluate the phenolic contents. The antioxidant properties were determined to use total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH• radical scavenging activity assays. Antibacterial tests were performed against 11 different microorganisms by using the microwell dilution method. Each of the plant extracts were confirmed by bioactive assays which demonstrated a significant activity due to different chemical characteristics. Especially, rutin was the dominant component in Ebenus species with 19.434-11.808 mg phenolic/g extract. While the highest phenolic content (101.73 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) was observed in O. nitida, the highest FRAP value was in E. laguroides (719.09 μM FeSO4.7H2O equivalent), and the strongest DPPH degree was in the E. macrophylla extract with IC50: 69.45 μg/mL, respectively. Although plant extracts didn't have efficient values for antimicrobial activity, the slight effect was arisen in O. nitida against B. subtilis and S. aureus. The results showed that all the extracts could be used in pharmacological or dietary applications due to their valuable properties.

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Orchids are considered recalcitrant plants in in vitro propagation. Due to the lack of appropriate micropropagation techniques for mass production and damage to their ecological distribution posed by local gatherers, these species are threatened with extinction, including Serapias vomeracea (Burm.f.) Briq. In this research, we put forward a complete micropropagation method covering in vitro micropropagation, synthetic seed formation, germination in soil, and acclimatization to ambient conditions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of successful synthetic seed formation and germination of S. vomeracea. Initially, seeds were germinated in different culture media and also media supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators. Effects of plant growth regulators on tuber formation, glucomannan contents, and different growth parameters were evaluated throughout the study. The best germination rate (84.03%) was achieved on Orchimax including activated charcoal medium and supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-benzyladenine. The longest shoot elongation amongst plantlets was observed on the same medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L thidiazuron, whereas 2.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid favored leaf formation. Higher indole-3-butyric acid concentrations were found to be more effective in the formation and elongation of roots. Orchimax medium supplemented with zeatin (2.0 mg/L) was superior to the others in terms of tuber formation and glucomannan content therein. Adaptation of seedlings to soil conditions and germination abilities of synthetic seeds were also studied and seedlings were successfully acclimatized and adapted to soil conditions.

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