This study estimates the Nigerian import demand function with the view to finding the degree of responsiveness of imports to domestic product prices while controlling for exchange rate (EXR), gross domestic product and foreign reserves. To refine inference about stationarity in the presence of structural breaks, the study employed the Lee and Strazicich and Zivot‐Andrews stationarity tests, which all confirmed that the series are integrated of order one. Both the ARDL bound testing for cointegration and the Johansen cointegration approach all confirmed long‐run relationship among the variables. From the cointegrating regression estimates using the Saikkonen and Stock‐Watson Dynamic Ordinary Least Square procedure and the Phillip and Hansen's Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square technique, we found that imports in Nigeria are domestic inflation or cross elastic in the long run. The study, however, found import demand to be inelastic to EXR and income, same as to foreign exchange reserves. The sensitivity of these estimates was confirmed with the ARDL procedure suggested by Peseran, Shin and Smith. With the Granger non‐causality test using the Toda‐Yamamoto's technique, we found unidirectional causality running from domestic inflation to import demand, implying that previous values of domestic inflation offer additional information to explaining future values of aggregate import demand. Diversification of domestic production as well as other policies directed at enhancing price and quality competiveness of domestic products were recommended.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of web-design, e-payment and e-traceability in developing customer satisfaction with the mediating role of consumer behavior in emerging bricks and clicks businesses trends in South Punjab. In the era of Covid-19, the online businesses are increased in South Punjab, but customer’ satisfaction is still a challenge in bricks and clicks businesses. In this study, random sampling technique was used to collect the quantitative data from the target population of South Punjab on a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The study demonstrates there is a significant role of web-design, e-payment and e-traceability in developing customer satisfaction with the mediating role of consumer behavior in South Punjab. This study has significant theoretical as well as practical implications. It contributes a theoretical framework to knowledge explaining relationship of variables. It also provides a way to increase customers’ satisfaction for online businesses in South Punjab.

Technological innovations changed people's daily lives. Wireless technologies, such as mobile phones and other portable gadgets, are becoming an essential part of each generation. With the increasing size of the elderly population around the world, opportunities for the older generation to use wireless technologies, such as gerontechnologies, are increasing. Older adults can use mobile health (mHealth) to receive healthcare at their doorstep. This study uses the UTAUT theoretical framework, extended to perceived ubiquity (PU), perceived trust (PT), and technology anxiety (TA), to investigate the elderly's intention to adopt mobile phone technology for healthcare (i.e., mHealth) in the socioeconomic environment of Pakistan. This study surveys 286 respondents from Islamabad, Pakistan. Structural equation modeling (SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24) is used to analyze the data. Outcomes show that performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy, social influence (SI), facilitating conditions, PU, and PT have a positive significant relationship with mHealth adoption intention (AI). However, the results do not indicate the negative relation of TA with mHealth AI. Moreover, gender significantly moderates the relationship between PE and SI and mHealth AI. This study contributes comprehensive knowledge to the existing literature on gerontechnology adoption in the socioeconomic context of a developing economy.

This study discusses the potential impacts of 18 th amendment created in Pakistan's law on political and social conditions of Pakistan. With the help of previous researches author proves that 18 th amendment enhances the role of Parliament and it acts as a hurdle for dictatorship.

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has increased in these years. DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway is required in response to DNA damage Gene mutations in DDR pathway play an important role in different stages of tumorigenesis and development. Based on the importance of DDR pathway in precision therapy of multiple cancers, we analyzed DDR gene mutations in Chinese patients with HCC. The results showed that (tumor mutation burden) TMB was significantly higher in HCC patients who carried somatic mutations in DDR than in non-carriers, and TMB in patients with DS, MMR mutations and DDR genes mutations such as RAD50, MLH1, MSH2, CHEK2 was significantly higher than that in wild-type patients. Based on the results of next-generation sequencing (NGS) testing, we are trying to provide clues for targeted therapy and provide feasible basis for PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

This research study is intended to deliver a swift review of what is previously known about customer satisfaction and enhanced understanding of the factors of customer relationship management (CRM) in relation to customer satisfaction. By examining the literature of prior studies, this article requires enhanced understanding of customer satisfaction in international airline industry of Pakistan. The study delivers a conceptual framework to broaden the customer satisfaction and the influence of CRM factors comprising service quality, social network interaction, and relationship through solving customer problems, physical environment and trust. The mediating role of corporate image will further strengthen the connection of CRM factors and customer satisfaction. The research findings supplement the present literature of CRM by enhancing the understanding of the dimensions of customer satisfaction. The proposed conceptual framework makes an essential input to the current literature on customer satisfaction by addressing its theoretical and practical implications.

Since independence federal central administrative setup i.e. concept of centralized power of administration had been the theme for Pakistan. This system was neither responsive nor participative to the people of Pakistan. As a result the resentment for this system increased with the passage of time. To address the issue, many “new” ideas were experienced both at federal and local levels, but the grudges of the public could not be minimized. The system of local government was neglected in the first decade after independence mainly because of the political instability. General Ayub Khan’s Basic Democracies system was the first step that was taken towards decentralization. This system ended with the regime itself. In Zia regime, the Local Government Ordinance of 1979 was introduced. General Ayub Khan’s Basic Democracies system was revived and implemented with a new structure. Military leadership for the sake to gain political legitimacy, planned, encouraged and institutionalized local government institution. Keeping all this in view this article presents detailed historic analysis of decentralization from the political history of Pakistan. The two major eras i.e. General Ayub Khan and General Zia-ul-Haq are analysed in the context of the decentralization and devolution reforms and their implications over the political system of Pakistan.

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