This paper presents the status of women rights in Pakistan and protection of these rights under the umbrella of legal reforms. After independence the women of Pakistan played an active role in nation building activities as well for their own social uplift. International organizations played special attention towards the issue of women empowerment During Ayub Era Muslim Family Law Ordinance 1961 was promulgated which is regarded as a first step forward for the protection of women rights. During Zia regime discriminatory laws were introduced which disturbed the equilibrium between male and female in the society. These laws put a negative impact on the status of women. Women organizations protested against Hudood Laws and demanded to repeal it. During the period of Musharraf new laws were introduced for the protection of women rights(women Protection Act 2006),it is regarded as golden era in context of legislation made for women empowerment .The process of legal reforms is in progression .The women are still subjugated to many criminal acts like harassment at work place ,attempted rape and acid throwing. There is a need of devising effective implementation mechanism in true letter and spirit for the safeguard of women rights.
This study discusses the potential impacts of 18 th amendment created in Pakistan's law on political and social conditions of Pakistan. With the help of previous researches author proves that 18 th amendment enhances the role of Parliament and it acts as a hurdle for dictatorship.
Pakistan is facing several forms of terrorism, no other country in the world entangled in this problem like Pakistan today. Sectarianism and politico-religious terrorism is an aching problem of Pakistan. The term ethnic refer to the way in which individuals and groups characterize themselves on the basis of their language, race, and place of origin, shared culture, values, and history. Ethnicity is a conception of a common descent, often of a mythic character. A new era of terror began in Pakistan. The situation has become very shocking for the stability of Pakistan. This study investigates terrorism post 9/11 in Pakistan. Terrorism that emerged after 9/11 is the most serious threat. Pakistan has its role as the frontline state in the war against terrorism. The tension between supporters particularly conservative and moderate Islam is growing and the deterioration of composition sate. It is beyond the capacity of single person"s effort to eliminate deep rooted crisis of the society. An institutional mechanism with the participation range on a regular basis is the only permanent way to fight against this threat. The study sheds new light on the extent of terrorism, the repeated nature of terrorism, the role of conflict, the choice of weapons, support for terrorism, the choice of targets and the reactionary nature of terrorism.
Elections make a fundamental contribution to democratic governance. In democracies political decisions are made directly by the citizens of the country. Elections serve as forum for the discussion of public issues and facilitate the expression of public opinion. Electoral politics is a figurative form of political participation. Success and failure of political institutions depends upon the political awareness of people and the process of electoral politics is the subject of free, fair and transparent elections. Like her counterparts Pakistan has election process defined by constitution. The electoral process in Pakistan was not regular and transparent but last three elections 2002, 2008 and 2013 were held according to the constitution. In Pakistan elections and political process are dominated by the political personalities. Although there are multiparty system but people mostly preferred two main parties like PPP and PML-N but it is positive that third party PTI was emerged in country as third largest party of Pakistan. The study focuses on the 2013 elections and behavior of people of district Muzaffar Garh of Punjab. The purpose of this study is to observe the electoral politics at micro level in Pakistan.
Since independence federal central administrative setup i.e. concept of centralized power of administration had been the theme for Pakistan. This system was neither responsive nor participative to the people of Pakistan. As a result the resentment for this system increased with the passage of time. To address the issue, many “new” ideas were experienced both at federal and local levels, but the grudges of the public could not be minimized. The system of local government was neglected in the first decade after independence mainly because of the political instability. General Ayub Khan’s Basic Democracies system was the first step that was taken towards decentralization. This system ended with the regime itself. In Zia regime, the Local Government Ordinance of 1979 was introduced. General Ayub Khan’s Basic Democracies system was revived and implemented with a new structure. Military leadership for the sake to gain political legitimacy, planned, encouraged and institutionalized local government institution. Keeping all this in view this article presents detailed historic analysis of decentralization from the political history of Pakistan. The two major eras i.e. General Ayub Khan and General Zia-ul-Haq are analysed in the context of the decentralization and devolution reforms and their implications over the political system of Pakistan.
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