This study tends to examine the moderated mediation role of external locus of control (ELC) and risk tolerance (RT) in the relationship between heuristic availability bias (HAB) and investment decision‐making (IDM). We used SPSS PROCESS Model 7 (moderated mediation) on a data set gleaned from 385 practicing stock investors at Pakistan Stock Exchange. The results of the study revealed that the relationship between HAB and IDM is partially mediated by RT, whereas, the ELC significantly moderates the relationship between HAB and RT. Moreover, in the case of moderated mediation, the ELC showed a significant moderating role in the relationship of HAB with IDM through RT. Since the findings of the study argue that ELC intensifies the influence of HAB on investors' risk‐taking propensity that inculcate them toward making investment decisions. The practical and theoretical implications of the study are discussed in detail.
The purpose of the existing study is to examine the influence of heuristic representativeness bias (HRB) on investment decision-making (IDM) by moderated mediation of external locus of control (ELC) and risk tolerance (RT) in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). A convenient sampling technique was used for the collection of research data from 385 individual stock investors. Results reveal that RT mediates the association between HRB and IDM. Besides, this study findings also indicate that the association between HRB and IDM is moderated mediated by ELC and RT. Meanwhile, the study outcomes entitlements that ELC reinforces the effect of HRB on investors' risk-taking proclivity that enable them in investment decisions.
Objective:To determine the frequency of Methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and identification of drug susceptibility for MRSA isolates among health care workers (HCWs) of a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab Pakistan.Methods:We included 225 HCWs including laboratory staff, doctors, nurses and paramedical staff in this cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in Nishtar medical university/Hospital Multan. The study duration was July-2016 to April-2017. HCWs having no signs of infections and any other systemic disease were included in this study. We used sterile nasal swab sticks for sample collection for determination of S. aureus prevalence. All these samples were processed in the laboratory for MRSA, methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and for antimicrobial sensitivity of S. aureus. Chi-square test was used for comparison of frequency of MRSA and MSSA between different HCWs by assuming p-Value ≤0.05 as significant difference.Results:There were 65.3% (147) female participants and only 34.7% (78) male participants. S. aureus was diagnosed in the nasal flora of 24% (54) participants, out of which 9.3% (21) were MRSA positive and remaining 14.7% (33) were MSSA positive. There was no significant difference in frequency of MRSA and MSSA among different HCWs (p-value 0.79). Amikacin and vancomycin were 100% sensitive for MRSA and MSSA. Clindamycin and ciprofloxacin was 80.9% (17) and 71.4% (15) sensitive for MRSA and 100% and 84.8% (28) for MSSA respectively. While oxacillin and Cefoxitin were 100% (21) resistant for MRSA and sensitive for MSSA.Conclusion:Prevalence of MRSA and MSSA is high among HCWs in Pakistan. Amikacin, vancomycin and clindamycin have high sensitivity for MRSA and can be used for empirical treatment of MRSA in suspected patients.
Compliance with pathways for hospitalised patients with alcohol dependency syndrome is often poor. A pathway for recognition and treatment of alcohol dependency was redesigned as part of a 12 month service improvement project in the acute medical unit using plan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycles.A needs assessment was undertaken: Audit data from 2013 showed over-prescription of chlordiazepoxide for detoxification treatment (DT) leading to prolonged hospital admissions with an average length of stay of 5.5 days in 2012/2013.Acceptability of screening tools was tested: Common screening tools (CEWA, AUDIT) were rejected by junior doctors due to the high number of questions as too cumbersome for routine practice. Compliance with usage in random samples over a three month period was persistently (n=10%. Testing of an abbreviated AUDIT questionnaire with only two questions and a specified threshold showed a AUROC of 1 (p<0.001 for correct identification).The screening tool was implemented in several PDSAs cycles. After the final cycle a random sample of 100 patients was reviewed for pathway compliance over a three months period. Eighty-six patients were screened with the two-question tool of these 18 were identified as possible risk. Of these 16 patients had the full AUDIT questionnaire, only eight with elevated values were started on DT. Overall compliance with the pathway increased to 84%.
Objectives: To determine the functional outcome of one stage posteromedial release in congenital clubfoot in terms offunctional and radiological assessment. Methodology: Forty five patients having clubfoot deformity were included in the study. Fifteen patientshad bilateral deformities. The outcome was evaluated by functionally assessing the foot in the last review visit (at the end of 14thweek ofsurgery) using the rating system of McKay, which has ten categories and has a maximum score of 180 points. It rates the outcome as excellent,good, fair, poor and failure (Fig-1). Radiological assessment is made by measuring various angles on anteroposterior and lateral radiograph ofthe foot with gonometer at 3,6,10 and 14 weeks after release (Table-II). . The values of talocalcaneal angle (measured during every visit) on APand lateral views will be summated to yield talocalcaneal index, and an index of >40 degree was taken as normal. Results: Forty five patientsincluded in the study with clubfoot deformity. Out of these patients, 33 (73.33%) were males and 12 (26.66%) were females (table-I). They weregraded according to the McKay rating system. In this short term follow up of one year, the following results were observed. Thirty-nine (65%)patients had excellent results, 11 (18.33%) patients had good results, 3 (5%) patients had fair results and 7 (11.66%) patients had poor results(Fig-1). No case can be labeled as failure. Conclusions: Mild to moderated clubfoot deformities can be successfully treated in children up tofive years of age by one stage postero-medial release.
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