This study tends to examine the moderated mediation role of external locus of control (ELC) and risk tolerance (RT) in the relationship between heuristic availability bias (HAB) and investment decision‐making (IDM). We used SPSS PROCESS Model 7 (moderated mediation) on a data set gleaned from 385 practicing stock investors at Pakistan Stock Exchange. The results of the study revealed that the relationship between HAB and IDM is partially mediated by RT, whereas, the ELC significantly moderates the relationship between HAB and RT. Moreover, in the case of moderated mediation, the ELC showed a significant moderating role in the relationship of HAB with IDM through RT. Since the findings of the study argue that ELC intensifies the influence of HAB on investors' risk‐taking propensity that inculcate them toward making investment decisions. The practical and theoretical implications of the study are discussed in detail.
The purpose of the existing study is to examine the influence of heuristic representativeness bias (HRB) on investment decision-making (IDM) by moderated mediation of external locus of control (ELC) and risk tolerance (RT) in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). A convenient sampling technique was used for the collection of research data from 385 individual stock investors. Results reveal that RT mediates the association between HRB and IDM. Besides, this study findings also indicate that the association between HRB and IDM is moderated mediated by ELC and RT. Meanwhile, the study outcomes entitlements that ELC reinforces the effect of HRB on investors' risk-taking proclivity that enable them in investment decisions.
Objective:To determine the frequency of Methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and identification of drug susceptibility for MRSA isolates among health care workers (HCWs) of a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab Pakistan.Methods:We included 225 HCWs including laboratory staff, doctors, nurses and paramedical staff in this cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in Nishtar medical university/Hospital Multan. The study duration was July-2016 to April-2017. HCWs having no signs of infections and any other systemic disease were included in this study. We used sterile nasal swab sticks for sample collection for determination of S. aureus prevalence. All these samples were processed in the laboratory for MRSA, methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and for antimicrobial sensitivity of S. aureus. Chi-square test was used for comparison of frequency of MRSA and MSSA between different HCWs by assuming p-Value ≤0.05 as significant difference.Results:There were 65.3% (147) female participants and only 34.7% (78) male participants. S. aureus was diagnosed in the nasal flora of 24% (54) participants, out of which 9.3% (21) were MRSA positive and remaining 14.7% (33) were MSSA positive. There was no significant difference in frequency of MRSA and MSSA among different HCWs (p-value 0.79). Amikacin and vancomycin were 100% sensitive for MRSA and MSSA. Clindamycin and ciprofloxacin was 80.9% (17) and 71.4% (15) sensitive for MRSA and 100% and 84.8% (28) for MSSA respectively. While oxacillin and Cefoxitin were 100% (21) resistant for MRSA and sensitive for MSSA.Conclusion:Prevalence of MRSA and MSSA is high among HCWs in Pakistan. Amikacin, vancomycin and clindamycin have high sensitivity for MRSA and can be used for empirical treatment of MRSA in suspected patients.
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