The objective of the present work is the introduction of a quick and simple literature survey about the green bio-synthesized of copper nanoparticles. The survey revealed that the eco-friendly preparation methods using different plant species, properties and potential applications as alternative promising for silver and gold nanoparticles. The review enumerates the classification of nanomaterials in general, green biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts and its advantages over using bacteria and fungi. The manuscript gives more details about the specific properties for copper nanoparticles as optical properties of copper nanoparticles especially surface plasmon resonance in the visible range, photoluminescence, and bandgap energy. The current review spotlights and focuses on antimicrobial and anticancer activities for copper nanoparticles against several and various types of gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and human cell cancers. Moreover, a new promising activity as adsorptive efficiency of copper nanoparticles for wastewater treatment was revealed. Keywords Nanoparticles • Biosynthesis • Copper • Anti-cancer • Anti-microbial • Adsorption Abbreviations E g Energy band gap B. subtilis Bacillus subtilis bacteria C. albicans Candida albicans fungi Caco-2 Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Cu NPs Copper nanoparticles E. coli Escherichia coli bacteria FT-IR Fourier-transform infrared HepG2 Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HPLC High performance liquid chromatography IC 50

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A cost-effective method for the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPLs) using Tilia extract under optimum conditions has been presented. The use of Tilia extracts for the synthesis of Cu-NPLs has been investigated for the first time. The Cu-NPLs are stable due to in situ bio-capping by the Tilia extract residues. Formation of metallic Cu was revealed by UV-vis and XRD analyses. UV-vis of Cu-NPLs showed an SPR characteristic peak at 563 nm (energy bandgap = 2.1 eV). Morphology and size of the as-prepared Cu-NPLs were determined using SEM and TEM studies. TEM observations show that the produced Cu-NPLs are hemispherical in shape with different diameters in the range 4.7–17.4 nm. The electrical conductivity of the Cu-NPLs was determined as 1.04 × 10−6 S cm-1 (at T = 120 K). The antimicrobial studies exhibited relatively high activity against pathogenic bacteria like Gram-positive & Gram-negative bacteria. Anticancer studies demonstrated the in vitro cytotoxicity value of Cu-NPLs against tested human colon cancer Caco-2 cells, human hepatic cancer HepG2 cells and human breast cancer Mcf-7 cells. To conclude, Cu-NPLs are promising in electronic devices and they possess a potential anticancer application for some human cancer therapy as well.

Azithromycin (Azr) is a member of the macrolide antibiotic and it used on a wide scale in prescribed antibiotic drugs as anti-gram-positive and anti-gram-negative microorganisms. The present study aimed to develop an HPLC method of Azr analysis enjoyed highly linearity, repeatability, robust, rugged, selective and rapid to use. The chromatographic method uses a reversed phase column ODS-3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm x 5 μm). The mobile phase was prepared by mixing Methanol: Phosphate buffer (9:1, v/v) at flow rate 1.2 ml/min with PDA detector 210 nm, column oven adjusted to 40° C with injection volume 50 μL. The method revealed satisfied linearity regression R 2 (0.9996) with repeatability (0.66%), LOD and LOQ 28.7 µg/ml and 86.9 µg/ml respectively. The method showed a successful application for Azr determination in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

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Skin is the largest mechanical barrier against invading pathogens. Following skin injury, the healing process immediately starts to regenerate the damaged tissues and to avoid complications that usually include colonization by pathogenic bacteria, leading to fever and sepsis, which further impairs and complicates the healing process. So, there is an urgent need to develop a novel pharmaceutical material that promotes the healing of infected wounds. The present work aimed to prepare and evaluate the efficacy of novel azithromycin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (AZM-ZnONPs) in the treatment of infected wounds. The Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology were used to evaluate loading efficiency and release characteristics of the prepared NPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the formulations was determined against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Moreover, the anti-bacterial and wound-healing activities of the AZM-loaded ZnONPs impregnated into hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel were evaluated in an excisional wound model in rats. The prepared ZnONPs were loaded with AZM by adsorption. The prepared ZnONPs were fully characterized by XRD, EDAX, SEM, TEM, and FT-IR analysis. Particle size distribution for the prepared ZnO and AZM-ZnONPs were determined and found to be 34 and 39 nm, respectively. The mechanism by which AZM adsorbed on the surface of ZnONPs was the best fit by the Freundlich model with a maximum load capacity of 160.4 mg/g. Anti-microbial studies showed that AZM-ZnONPs were more effective than other controls. Using an experimental infection model in rats, AZM-ZnONPs impregnated into HPMC gel enhanced bacterial clearance and epidermal regeneration, and stimulated tissue formation. In conclusion, AZM -loaded ZnONPs are a promising platform for effective and rapid healing of infected wounds.

Wound-healing is a very complex and evolutionary process that involves a great variety of dynamic steps. Although different pharmaceutical agents have been developed to hasten the woundhealing process, the existing agents are still far from optimal. The present work aimed to prepare and evaluate the wound-healing efficacy of phenytoin-loaded copper nanoparticles (PHT-loaded CuNPs). CuNPs were biosynthesized using licorice aqueous extract. The prepared CuNPs were loaded with PHT by adsorption, characterized, and evaluated for wound-healing efficiency. Results showed that both plain and PHT-loaded CuNPs were monodisperse and exhibited a cubic and hexagonal morphology. The mechanism by which PHT was adsorbed on the surface of CuNPs was best fit by the Langmuir model with a maximum loaded monolayer capacity of 181 mg/g. The kinetic study revealed that the adsorption reaction followed the pseudo-second order while the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was physical in nature and endothermic, and occurred spontaneously. Moreover, the in vivo wound-healing activity of PHT-loaded CuNP impregnated hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) gel was carried out using an excisional wound model in rats. Data showed that PHT-loaded CuNPs accelerated epidermal regeneration and stimulated granulation and tissue formation in treated rats compared to controls. Additionally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that lesions treated with PHT-loaded CuNPs were associated with a marked increase in the expression of dermal procollagen type I and a decrease in the expression of the inflammatory JAK3 compared to control samples. In conclusion, PHT-loaded CuNPs are a promising platform for effective and rapid wound-healing.